Le texto fonte de Vulpe

{{eminente}}
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Vulpe
| image = Vulpes vulpes laying in snow.jpg
| image_caption = Un [[Vulpes vulpes|vulpe rubie]] (''Vulpes vulpes'') cubate in le nive
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Canidae]]
| subdivision_ranks = Generes
| subdivision = * ''[[Vulpes]]''
* ''[[Cerdocyon]]''
* †''[[Dusicyon]]''
* ''[[Lycalopex]]''
* ''[[Otocyon]]''
* ''[[Urocyon]]''
}}

Le '''vulpe'''{{linfoX}} es un [[mammifero]] [[omnivore]] de grandor parve a medie, pertinente a plure [[Genere (rango taxonomic)|generes]] del familia [[Canidae]]. Le vulpes ha un cranio applattate, aures vertical e triangular, un [[muso]] punctute e legiermente recurvate e un [[cauda]] longe e spisse.

Dece-duo [[specie]]s pertine al gruppo [[Monophylia|monophyletic]] del "ver vulpes" del genere ''[[Vulpes]]''. Circa 25 altere species actual o [[extincte]] es semper o alicun vices denominate "vulpes"; illos pertine al gruppo [[Paraphylia|paraphyletic]] del vulpes sud-american o del gruppo peripheric, que se compone de ''Otocyon megalotis'', del vulpe gris e del vulpe insular.<ref>{{en}} Macdonald, David W.; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, eds. (2004). ''The biology and conservation of wild canids'' (Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0198515561.</ref> Le vulpes vive super tote le continentes minus Antarctica. Le specie de vulpe le plus indisputabilemente commun e diffuse es le [[Vulpes vulpes|vulpe rubie]] (''Vulpes vulpes'') con circa 47 subspecies recognoscite.<ref name="redfox">{{en}} Lloyd, H.G. (1981). ''The red fox'' (2. impr. ed.). London: Batsford. p. 21. ISBN 0-7134-11902.</ref> Le repartition global del vulpes, e etiam lor reputation de animal astute, ha contribuite a lor prominentia in le [[folklore]] e le [[cultura popular]] in multe societates del mundo. Le chassa al vulpe, practicate con le adjuta de canes, esseva un activitate establite in Europa durante multe tempore, specialmente in le [[Insulas Britannic]], e esseva exportate in varie partes del [[Nove Mundo]] per le colonos europee.

== Etymologia ==
Le parola "vulpe" es derivate del [[latino]] ''vulpēs'', ab le proto-italico ''*wolpis'', ab le [[Lingua proto-indoeuropee|proto-indoeuropeo]] ''*h₂wl(o)p- ~ *h₂ulp-'' (“vulpe (rubie)”). Compara con le [[Lingua britone|britono]] ''louarn'', le [[lituano]] ''lãpė'', le [[greco ancian]] ἀλώπηξ (alṓpēx), le [[persiano]] روباه‎ (rubâh).

== Relationes phylogenetic ==

In le familia Canidae, le resultatos de analyses [[ADN]] monstra plure divisiones [[Phylogenetica|phylogenetic]]:

1. Le canides de typo vulpin, que comprende ''[[Vulpes macrotis]]'', le vulpe rubie (''Vulpes vulpes''), ''[[Vulpes chama]]'', le [[Vulpes lagopus|vulpe arctic]] (''Vulpes lagopus'') e ''[[Vulpes zerda]]''.<ref name=gentrends>{{en}} Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). "Molecular evolution of the dog family". ''Trends in Genetics.'' 9 (6): 218–224. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. PMID 8337763.</ref>

2. Le canides de typo lupin (genere ''[[Canis]]'', ''[[Cuon]]'' e ''[[Lycaon]]''), que comprende le [[can]] (''Canis lupus familiaris''), le [[Canis lupus|lupo gris]] (''Canis lupus''), le [[Canis rufus|lupo rubie]] (''Canis rufus''), ''[[Canis lycaon]]'', le [[Canis latrans|coyote]] (''Canis latrans''), ''[[Canis aureus]]'', ''[[Canis simensis]]'', ''[[Canis mesomelas]]'', ''[[Canis adustus]]'', le [[Cuon alpinus|can salvage asiatic]] (''Cuon alpinus'') e le [[Lycaon pictus|can salvage african]] (''Lycaon pictus'').<ref name=gentrends />

3. Le canides [[America del Sud|sud-american]], que comprende ''[[Speothos venaticus]]'', ''[[Lycalopex uetulus]]'', ''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'' e ''[[Chrysocyon brachyurus]]''.<ref name=gentrends />

4. Varie taxones monotypic, que comprende ''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'', le [[Urocyon cinereoargenteus|vulpe gris]] (''Urocyon cinereoargenteus'') e ''[[Nyctereutes procyonoides]]''.<ref name=gentrends />

== Biologia ==
[[File:FoxSkelLyd1.png|thumb|[[Skeleto]] de vulpe]]
=== Morphologia general ===
Le vulpes es generalmente plus parve que alicun altere membros del familia Canidae tal como le lupos e le [[chacal]]es, mais il ha in iste familia alicun membros plus parve que illos, tal como ''Nyctereutes procyonoides''. In le plus grande specie, le vulpe rubie, le masculos pesa inter 4,1 e 8,7 [[gramma|kg]] <ref>{{en}} Larivière, S.; Pasitschniak-Arts, M. (1996). ''"Vulpes vulpes". Mammalian Species'': No. 537, pp. 1–11. doi:10.2307/3504236.</ref> in media, mais le plus parve specie, ''Vulpes zerda'', pesa solmente de 0,7 a 1,6 kg.<ref>{{en}} Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2007). ''Foxes.'' Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2.</ref> Le tractos vulpin typic comprende un facie triangular, aures punctute, un rostro elongate e un cauda spisse. Le vulpes es digitigrade, lo que significa que illos ambula super lor digitos sin lassar lor calces toccar le solo. A differentia del majoritate del membros del familia Canidae, le vulpes ha ungulas partialmente retractile.<ref name="wildfox">{{en}} Burrows, Roger (1968). ''Wild fox.'' Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 9780715342176.</ref> Le ''vibrissae'' del vulpes, o mustachios, es nigre. Le mustachios super le musello, ''mystaciae vibrissae'', es longe de 100–110 mm in media, mais tote le altere mustachios del capita es plus curte in media. Alicun mustachios (''carpal vibrissae'') se trova etiam super le membros anterior e es longe de 40 mm in media; illos es orientate a basso e retro.<ref name=redfox /> Altere characteristicas physic varia secundo le [[habitat]] e le necessitates de adaptation.

=== Pellicia ===
Tote le species de vulpe ha pelles de colores, longitudes e spissitates differente. Le colores de pilos varia del blanc perlate al blanc e nigre, e al nigre maculate con blanc e gris super le parte inferior. ''Vulpes zerda'' (e altere species de vulpe adaptate al vita in le deserto, tal como ''Vulpes macrotis''), per exemplo, ha grande aures e pilos curte pro adjutar le corpore a remaner frigide.<ref name=redfox /><ref name=wildfox /> Le vulpes arctic, del altere latere, ha aures minime, membros curte e etiam un pelle spisse e isolante, lo que adjuta le corpore a remaner calide.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.arkive.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/ "Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125952/http://www.arkive.org/arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus/ |date=2014-10-06 }} ARKive. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</ref> Quanto al vulpes rubie, illos typicamente ha un pelle castanie clar e generalmente un marca blanc al extremitate de lor cauda.<ref>{{en}} Fox, David. [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Vulpes_vulpes/ "Vulpes vulpes, red fox".] Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</ref> Le color e le textura del pilos de un vulpe pote variar secundo le stationes del anno; le pelles de vulpes es plus ric e dense durante le menses plus frigide, e plus legier durante le menses plus calide. Pro disfacer se del dense mantello hibernal, le vulpes muta un vice per anno cerca april; le muta comencia al pedes e continua super le gambas e postea le dorso.<ref name=wildfox /> Le color del pelle pote etiam cambiar con le inveteramento del individuo.<ref name=redfox />

=== Dentation ===
Le [[dentation]] de un vulpe, como lo de tote le altere canides, es I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. (''Vulpes macrotis'' ha sex [[molar]]es in plus pro un total de 48 dentes.) Le vulpes ha pares de dentes carnivore pronunciate, lo que es characteristic de un carnivoro. Iste pares se compone del dente [[premolar]] superior e del prime dente molar inferior, e collabora pro lacerar materias dur tal como le carne. Le dentes del vulpes es multo secante, lo que es etiam characteristic de un carnivoro, e excellente pro stringer un preda.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172.288 "Canidae".] The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 23 September 2014.</ref>

=== Comportamento ===
[[File:Alopex lagopus coiled up in snow.jpg|thumb|Un vulpe arctic reposante se in le nive.]]
Al stato salvage, le duration de vita typic de un vulpe es de un a tres annos, ben que alicun individuos pote viver usque dece annos. A differentia de multe canides, le vulpes non vive semper in mutas. Normalmente, illos vive in parve gruppos familial, mais alicunes (le vulpes arctic) es cognoscite pro esser solitari.<ref name=redfox /><ref name=wildfox />

Le vulpes es omnivore.<ref>{{en}} Fedriani, J.M.; T. K. Fuller; R. M. Sauvajot; E. C. York (2000-07-05). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111006040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores"] (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. [[:en:Digital object identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420000448 10.1007/s004420000448]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595837 24595837]. Archived from [http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006040228/http://www.ebd.csic.es/cani/public_html/Oecologia_00.pdf |date=2011-10-06 }} (PDF) on 2011-10-06.</ref><ref>{{en}} Fox, David L. (2007). [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Vulpes_vulpes.html "Vulpes vulpes (red fox)".] ''Animal Diversity Web.'' University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.</ref> Lor dieta es in grande parte componite de invertebratos como insectos, e parve vertebratos como reptiles e aves, e pote includer ovos e plantas. Multe species es predatores generalisate, mais alicunes (tal como ''Cerdocyon thous'') ha dietas plus specialisate. Le majoritate del species de vulpe consume cerca 1 kg (2,2 lb) de alimento per die. Le vulpes cela le surplus de alimento, interrante lo pro consumer lo plus tarde, usualmente sub folios, nive o le solo.<ref name=wildfox /><ref>{{en}} Macdonald, David W. (26 April 2010). "Food Caching by Red Foxes and Some Other Carnivores". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 42 (2): 170–185. [[:en:Digital object identifier|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00963.x.]</ref> Le technica de attacco del vulpes consiste in quattar pro camouflagiar se in le terreno, ante saltar con multe fortia, per medio del gambas posterior, pro atterrar super le preda.<ref name=redfox /> Per usar lor dentes canin pronunciate, le vulpes stringe le collo de lor preda e succute usque le animal es morte o pote esser eventrate.<ref name=redfox />

Le vulpe gris e ''Nyctereutes procyonoides'' es le duo sol species canin cognoscite pro scander arbores regularmente.<ref>{{en}} Lavigne, Guillaume de (2015-03-19). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P85eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT258&dq=%C2%A0The+gray+fox+is+one+of+only+two+canine+species+known+to+climb+trees&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOqK2w-ffUAhUC7oMKHYV7B1EQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=%C2%A0The%20gray%20fox%20is%20one%20of%20only%20two%20canine%20species%20known%20to%20climb%20trees&f=false Free Ranging Dogs – Stray, Feral or Wild?.]'' Lulu Press, Inc. ISBN 9781326219529.</ref>

=== Characteristicas sexual ===
Le [[scroto]] del vulpe mascule es mantenite presso le corpore con le [[testiculo]]s intra, mesmo post que illos ha descendite. Como altere canides, le masculo ha un [[baculum]], o osso del penis.<ref name=redfox /><ref>{{en}} Čanády, Alexander. "Variability of the baculum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Slovakia." Zoology and Ecology 23.3 (2013): 165–170.</ref><ref>{{en}} Bijlsma, Rob G. [http://zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bijlsma_2014.pdf "Copulatory lock of wild red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in broad daylight."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829171201/http://www.zoogdierwinkel.nl/sites/default/files/imce/nieuwesite/Winkel/pdf%20download/Lutra%2057(1)_Bijlsma_2014.pdf |date=2017-08-29 }} Naturalist 80: 45–67.</ref> Le testiculos del vulpes rubie es plus parve que illos del vulpes arctic.<ref>{{en}} [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 Heptner & Naumov 1998], p. 341</ref> Le [[spermatogenesis|formation de sperma]] del vulpes rubie comencia in augusto-septembre, le testiculos attingente lor peso maxime in decembre-februario.<ref>{{en}} [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998 Heptner & Naumov 1998], p. 537</ref>

Le vulpes feminin es in calor de un a sex dies, lo que significa que lor cyclo de reproduction dura dece-duo menses. Como con altere canides, le ovocellulas es secretate durante le estro sin necessitar esser stimulate per copulation. Un vice que le ovo es fertilisate, le vulpe feminin entra in un periodo de [[gestation]] que pote durar de 52 a 53 dies. Le vulpes tende a haber portatas de quatro a cinque vulpinos in media con 80 pro cento de probabilitate de devenir pregnante.<ref name=redfox /><ref>{{en}} Parkes, I. W. Rowlands and A. S. (21 August 2009). "The Reproductive Processes of certain Mammals.-VIII. Reproduction in Foxes (Vulpes spp.)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 105 (4): 823–841. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1935.tb06267.x.]</ref> Le grandor del portatas poter variar significantemente secundo le species e le milieu – le vulpe arctic, per exemplo, pote haber usque dece-un vulpinos.<ref>{{en}} Hildebrand, Milton (1952). "The Integument in Canidae". ''Journal of Mammalogy.'' 33 (4): 419–428. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.2307/1376014 10.2307/1376014.] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR JSTOR] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1376014 1376014.]</ref>

Le vulpe feminin ha quatro pares de [[tetta]]s. Cata tetta ha de octo a vinti ductos lactifere que connecte le [[glandula mammari]] al papilla, lo que permitte al [[lacte]] de esser transportate a illo.{{citation needed}}

=== Vocalisation ===
Le repertoire vocal del vulpe es grande:

*Gemimento (o gemito) – Facite poco post le nascentia. Producite frequentemente quando le pullos ha fame o quando lor temperatura corporal es basse. Le gemimento stimula le matre de maniera que illa respice le vulpinos; on sape tamben que illo stimula le masculo de maniera que ille respice le femina e le vulpinos.
*Latrato acute – Facite cerca dece-novem dies postea. Le gemimento del vulpinos deveni latratos infantil, acute producite multo quando illos joca.
*Crito explosive – Al etate de cerca un mense, le vulpinos pote emitter un crito explosive que servi a menaciar le intrusos o le altere pullos; un ululation acute.
*Crito de combatto – Durante le conflictos inter adultos, le crito explosive deveni un crito de combatto con le bucca toto aperte; un latrato plus stridente.
*Grunnimento – Le maniera como un adulto indica al vulpinos de nutrir se o venir a illo.
*Latrato simple – Le vulpes adulte annuncia le presentia de intrusos o se defende per latrar.<ref name=redfox /><ref>{{en}} Tembrock, Günter. "Canid vocalizations". ''Behavioural Processes.'' 1 (1): 57–75. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-6357%2876%2990007-3 10.1016/0376-6357(76)90007-3].</ref>

In le caso del vulpes domesticate, alicun individuos adulte sembla preservar le gemito pro exprimer excitamento o submission in presentia de lor possessores.<ref name=redfox />

== Classification ==
Le canides communmente appellate vulpes comprende le generes e species sequente:<ref name=redfox />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Genere !! Specie(s) !! Imagine
|-
| ''[[Canis]]'' || ''[[Canis simensis]]'', le lupo ethiope || [[File:Canis simensis.jpg|thumb|''Canis simensis'', native del regiones montuose de Ethiopia.]]
|-
| ''[[Cerdocyon]]'' || ''[[Cerdocyon thous]]'', le vulpe mangiator de crabbas || [[File:Cerdocyon thous MG 9503.jpg|thumb|''Cerdocyon thous'', un specie sud-american.]]
|-
| † ''[[Dusicyon]]'' || genere extincte, includente ''[[Dusicyon australis]]'', o lupo del insulas Falkland, etiam cognoscite como le vulpe del insulas  Falkland || [[File:FalklandIslandFox2.jpg|thumb|Illustration de ''Dusicyon australis'' per [[John Gerrard Keulemans]] (1842–1912).]]
|-
| ''[[Lycalopex]]'' || 
*''[[Lycalopex culpaeus]]''
*''[[Lycalopex fulvipes]]''
*''[[Lycalopex griseus]]''
*''[[Lycalopex gymnocercus]]
*''[[Lycalopex sechurae]]
*''[[Lycalopex vetulus]]
|| [[File:Fox pan de azucar.JPG|thumb|''Lycalopex griseus'' in le parco national 
de Pan de Azúcar secundo le costa pacific del deserto de Atacama.]]
|-
| ''[[Otocyon]]'' || ''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'' || [[File:Bat eared fox Kenya crop.jpg|thumb|''[[Otocyon megalotis]]'', le vulpe "con aures de vespertilion", in Kenya.]]
|-
| ''[[Urocyon]]'' || 
*''[[Urocyon cinereoargenteus]]'' (vulpe gris)
*''[[Urocyon littoralis]]'' (vulpe insular)
*[[vulpe de Cozumel]] (non ancora describite)
|| [[File:Urocyon littoralis full figure.jpg|thumb|Un vulpe insular super un del insulas Channel de California.]]
|-
| ''[[Vulpes]]'' || 
*''[[Vulpes lagopus]]'' (vulpe arctic)
*''[[Vulpes bengalensis]]''
*''[[Vulpes cana]]''
*''[[Vulpes chama]]''
*''[[Vulpes corsac]]''
*''[[Vulpes zerda]]''
*''[[Vulpes macrotis]]''
*''[[Vulpes pallida]]''
*''[[Vulpes rueppellii]]''
*''[[Vulpes vulpes]]'' (vulpe rubie)
*''[[Vulpes velox]]''
*''[[Vulpes ferrilata]]''
|| [[File:Fennec Fox.jpg|thumb|''Vulpes zerda'' es le plus parve specie de vulpe.]]
|}
[[File:Räv vid Revhusen i Ystad - Juli 2012..jpg|thumb|Vulpe rubie]]

== Conservation ==

[[File:Urocyon littoralis pair.jpg|right|thumb|Le vulpe insular es un specie quasi-menaciate.]]
Plure species de vulpe es impericulate in lor milieus native. Le difficultates cognoscite per le vulpes include le perdita de habitat e le facto que illos es chassate pro lor pelles, pro le traffico de animales o pro continer le diffusion de pathogenos.<ref>{{en}} Ginsburg, Joshua Ross and David Whyte MacDonald. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QvUfIvp4muEC&pg=PA2&dq=fox+endangered+species+%22crab-eating%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yz2vU7W3KtiYqAaVsoKIDQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=fox%20endangered%20species%20%22crab-eating%22&f=false Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs.] p.58.</ref> Partialmente a causa de lor stylo de chassa opportunistic e lor persistentia, le vulpes es sovente percipite como incommoditates.<ref>{{en}} Bathgate, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sD6TAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=fox+nuisance+species&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k0qvU4nZGdGLqgaE7YG4CA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=fox%20nuisance%20species&f=false The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Culture.] 2004. p.18.</ref> Malgrado isto, le vulpes ha essite usate con successo in fermas gratias a lor capacitate de eliminar le insectos parasite del fructos sin damnificar le fructos.<ref>{{en}} McCandless, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100730043903/http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pubs/press/foxes.html Linda Foxes are Beneficial on Fruit Farms.] nysaes.cornell.edu (1997-04-24)</ref>

=== Vulpe insular (''Urocyon littoralis'') ===
Le [[Urocyon littoralis|vulpe insular]], ben que considerate un specie quasi-menaciate in multe partes del mundo, deveni actualmente de plus in plus impericulate in su milieu [[endemic]] del [[insulas Channel]] de [[California]].<ref name=Allee>{{en}} ANGULO, ELENA; ROEMER, GARY W.; BEREC, LUDĚK; GASCOIGNE, JOANNA; COURCHAMP, FRANCK (29 May 2007). [https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/57044/1/conBiol.pdf "Double Allee Effects and Extinction in the Island Fox"] (PDF). Conservation Biology. 21 (4): 1082–1091. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier doi]:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00721.x.]</ref> Le populationes insular es generalmente plus parve que illos continental a causa de ressources limitate como le spatio, le alimento e le possibilitate de refugiar se.<ref name="essentials">{{en}} Primack, Richard B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology (Sixth ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 143–146. ISBN 9781605352893.</ref> Illos, in consequentia, es altemente susceptibile a menacias externe que comprende le predatores estranie, le homines e le climate extreme.<ref name=essentials /> Super le insulas Channel de California, il esseva discoperite que le population de vulpes insular esseva multo basse a causa de un epidemia del [[maladia de Carré]] inter 1999 e 2000<ref name=popvar>{{en}} Kohlmann, Stephan G.; Schmidt, Gregory A.; Garcelon, David K. (10 April 2005). "A population viability analysis for the Island Fox on Santa Catalina Island, California". Ecological Modelling. '''183''' (1): 77–94. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.07.022.]</ref> e etiam a causa de predation per [[aquila|aquilas]] aurate non native.<ref name=restoration>{{en}} [http://www.nps.gov/chis/naturescience/fox-saving.htm "Channel Islands: The Restoration of the Island Fox".] National Park Service. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</ref> Depost 1993, le aquilas ha causate un diminution de usque 95% del population.<ref name=popvar /> A causa del numero parve de vulpes, le population ha cognoscite un [[effecto Allee]]: isto es lo que eveni quando, a densitates sufficientemente basse, le capacitate reproductive del individuos diminue.<ref name=Allee /> Le conservationistas, ergo, debeva extraher copulas reproductor san ab le population salvage de maniera que illos se reproduceva in captivitate usque il habeva satis de vulpes a relaxar in le natura.<ref name=popvar /> Le pasturatores non native esseva etiam allontanate pro permitter al plantas native de revegetar a lor altor natural, lo que forniva al vulpes un protection adequate contra le aquilas aurate.<ref name=restoration />

=== Vulpe de Darwin (''Pseudalopex fulvipes'') ===
Le [[Pseudalopex fulvipes|vulpe de Darwin]] es considerate criticamente impericulate a causa de su parve population cognoscite de 250 individuos matur e etiam su distribution restringite.<ref name=eco>{{en}} Jiménez, J. E. (2006). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x/full "Ecology of a coastal population of the critically endangered Darwin's fox (Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, southern Chile".] Journal of Zoology. 271 (1): 63–77. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00218.x]. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</ref> Super le territorio [[Chile|chilen]] continental, le population existe solmente in le parco national de [[Nahuelbuta]] e le [[foreste pluvial valvidian]] ambiente.<ref name=eco /> Similarmente super le [[insula Chiloé]], lor population se limita al forestes que se extende del extremitate nord al extremitate sud del insula.<ref name=eco /> Ben que le parco national de Nahuelbuta es protegite, 90% del specie vive super le insula Chiloé.<ref>{{en}} Jiménez, J.E.; Lucherini, M. & Novaro, A.J. (2008). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41586 "Pseudalopex fulvipes".] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Version 2014.1. [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature International Union for Conservation of Nature.] Retrieved 30 September 2014.</ref> Un problema major incontrate per ille species, es dunque lor habitat limitate e diminuente a causa del section e ardimento del forestes improtegite.<ref name=eco /> A causa del deforestation, le habitat del vulpe de Darwin se reduce, lo que permitte de multiplicar se a su competitor, ''Lycalopex griseus'', le qual prefere le habitates aperte; iste competition conduce progressivemente al disparition del vulpe de Darwin.<ref name=endangered>{{en}} Yahnke, Christopher J.; Johnson, Warren E.; Geffen, Eli; Smith, Deborah; Hertel, Fritz; Roy, Michael S.; Bonacic, Cristian F.; Fuller, Todd K.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K. (1996). "Darwin's Fox: A Distinct Endangered Species in a Vanishing Habitat". Conservation Biology. '''10''' (2): 366–375. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10020366.x].</ref> Un altere problema incontrate es su incapacitate de combatter le maladias transmittite per le numero crescente de canes domestic.<ref name=eco /> Pro conservar iste animales, le recercatores recommenda que on protegite le forestes que connecte le parco national de Nahuelbuta al litoral de Chile e assi al insula Chiloé e su forestes.<ref name=endangered /> Illos suggere tamben que on examina altere forestes in Chile pro determinar si vulpes de Darwin viveva illac previemente o potera viver illac plus tarde, in le eventualitate que il es necessari reintroducer iste specie in ille regiones.<ref name=endangered /> E finalmente, le recercatores recommenda le creation de un programma de reproduction in captivitate, in Chile, a causa del numero limitate de individuos matur in le natura.<ref name=endangered />

== Relationes con homines ==
[[File:Sunny Fox.jpg|thumb|Un vulpe rubie super le portico de un casa.]]
Le vulpes es sovente considerate como incommoditates a causa de lor attaccos opportunistic super le aves domestic e altere micre animales de ferma. Le attaccos de vulpes super humanos es rar.<ref>{{en}} Barratt, Sarah and Martin Barratt. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gJl8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&dq=fox+human+attack+unlikely&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L1KvU9CBC5KiyATEx4LQBg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=fox%20human%20attack%20unlikely&f=false Practical Quail-keeping.] 2013.</ref> Multe vulpes se adapta ben al presentia human; plure species es classificate como "carnivoros citadine" a causa de lor capacitate de mantener populationes sin jammais quitar le limites de un citate.<ref name=urb_carn>{{en}} Iossa, G. et al. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xYKqluO6c8UC&pg=PA283&dq=fox+urban+environment&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9CKuU7DNApKVyATE24LwBQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=fox%20urban%20environment&f=false A Taxonomic Analysis of Urban Carnivore Ecology], from ''Urban Carnivores''. Stanley Gehrt et al. eds. 2010. p.174.</ref> In zonas urban, le vulpes pote viver plus longemente e haber portatas de vulpinos plus micre que le vulpes in zonas non urban.<ref name=urb_carn /> Le vulpes urban es omnipresente in Europa, ubi lor comportamento es differente del vulpes non urban, includente densitates superior de population, territorios plus micre e cercas de alimento in gruppos.<ref>{{en}} Francis, Robert and Michael Chadwick. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JVWJWKzTrJkC&pg=PA126&dq=fox+urban+environment&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9CKuU7DNApKVyATE24LwBQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=fox%20urban%20environment&f=false Urban Ecosystems] 2013. p.126.</ref> Le vulpes ha essite introducite in multe locos, con effectos differente super le fauna e flora indigene.<ref>{{en}} See generally Long, John. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7YC3cYhGMOcC&pg=PT551&dq=fox+introduced+australia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vTivU975KoWpyAT8yoKQCg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=fox%20introduced%20australia&f=false Introduced Mammals of the World.] 2013.</ref>

In alicun paises, le vulpes es predatores major del [[conilio]]s e gallinas. Le oscillationes de population de iste duo species esseva le prime oscillation non linear studiate, e conduceva al [[equation Lotka-Volterra]], cognoscite anque como le equation predator–preda.<ref>{{en}} Sprott, Julien. [https://books.google.com/books?id=buILBDre9S4C&pg=PA89&dq=Lotka-Volterra+equation+%22first+nonlinear%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AWGvU_CCPIuSyATS5oDIDw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Lotka-Volterra%20equation%20%22first%20nonlinear%22&f=false Elegant Chaos] 2010. p.89.</ref><ref>{{en}} Komarova, Natalia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_PWsM_hzQjgC&pg=PA113&dq=Lotka-Volterra+equation+originated+foxes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=21-vU43FMcSOyASmnYD4BQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Lotka-Volterra%20equation%20originated%20foxes&f=false Axiomatic Modeling in Life Sciences], from Mathematics and Life Sciences. Alexandra Antoniouk and Roderick Melnik, eds. pp.113–114.</ref>

=== Le chassa al vulpe ===
Le chassa al vulpe esseva inventate in le [[Regno Unite]] in le seculo 16. Presentemente, chassar con canes es prohibite ibi,<ref>{{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5109184.stm "Hunt campaigners lose legal bid."] BBC News Online. 2006-06-23.</ref><ref>{{en}} Singh, Anita (2009-09-18). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090930013856/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html "David Cameron 'to vote against fox hunting ban'."] The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/htg/6203266/David-Cameron-to-vote-against-fox-hunting-ban.html the original] on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-02.</ref><ref>{{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050307100822/http://www.nwlacs.co.uk/foxhunting.htm Fox Hunting.] North West League Against Cruel Sports Support Group. nwlacs.co.uk</ref><ref>{{en}} [http://www.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf "Fox Hunting: For and Against"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331221254/http://www.emteconline.co.uk/rliteracy/rpersuade/foxhunt.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }} (PDF).</ref> ben que chassar sin canes es ancora permittite. Vulpes rubie esseva introducite in [[Australia]] in le comenciamento del seculo 19 pro le sport, post que illos deveniva multo numerose. Illos ha causate diminutiones de population in multe species local e illos sole chassar le animales de ferma, particularmente le juvene agnos.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/factsheet-european-red-fox-vulpes-vulpes Fact Sheet: European Red Fox, Department of the Environment, Australian Government].</ref> Le chassa al vulpe es practicate como intertenimento in plure altere paises como Canada, Francia, Irlanda, Italia, Russia e le Statos Unite.

=== Domestication ===
[[File:A tame fox cub at home with Mr and Mrs Gordon Jones, Talysarn (4478261667).jpg|thumb|Un vulpe domesticate in Talysarn, Galles.]]

Multe historias de vulpe domesticate ha essite documentate, mais le domestication de longe duration es rar. Un recente exception notabile es le vulpe argentee (varietate del vulpe rubie) in [[Russia]], lo que resultava in cambiamentos comportamental visibile; es ora un studio de caso super le manipulation de un population animal conforme a necessitates human de domestication. Le gruppo actual de vulpes argentee domesticate es le resultato de quasi cinquanta annos de experimentos in [[Union Sovietic]] e Russia pro domesticar le mutation argentee del vulpe rubie. Iste reproduction selective produceva tractos physic e comportamental que es sovente observate in cattos domestic, canes e altere animales, tal como cambiamentos de pigmentation, aures cadente e caudas inrolate.<ref>{{en}} Trut, Lyudmila N. (1999). [http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf "Early Canid Domestication: The Fox Farm Experiment"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815195330/http://www.floridalupine.org/publications/PDF/trut-fox-study.pdf |date=2015-08-15 }} (PDF). American Scientist. '''87.'''</ref> In particular, le nove vulpes deveniva plus docile, lassante humanos caressar los, gemente pro reciper attention, e olfacente e leccante lor custodes.<ref>{{en}} Kenneth Mason, Jonathan Losos, Susan Singer, Peter Raven, George Johnson(2011) ''Biology Ninth Edition'', p. 423. McGraw-Hill, New York.ISBN 978-0-07-353222-6.</ref>

=== Attaccos super humanos ===
In le Regno Unite, un certe numero de casos de attaccos benigne super humanos esseva reportate. Multes concerneva vulpes que attaccava infantes post haber entrate in domos a traverso de foramines.<ref>{{en}} Dunne, J.; Moore-Bridger, B.; Powell, T. (2018-06-21). [https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/woman-mauled-in-bed-by-fox-im-traumatised-and-fear-i-would-contract-rabies-a3868586.html "Woman mauled in bed by fox in Clapham flat: I'm traumatised and feared I would contract rabies".] ''The Evening Standard.'' Retrieved 2018-06-22.</ref>

=== In le cultura ===
[[File:Prince Hanzoku terrorised by a nine- tailed fox.jpg|thumb|right|180px|''Prince Hanzoku terrorisate per un vulpe nonacaudal'' per [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]] (1798–1861).]]
Le vulpe appare in multe culturas, habitualmente in le folklore. Il ha totevia legier differentias in le maniera como illo es describite. In le folklores occidental e [[persia]]n, le vulpe es depictite como un symbolo de astutia e fraude — un reputation que trahe su origine principalmente de su capacitate presumite de eluder le chassatores. Illo es sovente representate per un personage que possede iste characteristicas e que pote esser o un incommoditate in le historia, o un heroe mal comprendite o un antagonista dishoneste.
In le folklore [[asia]]tic, le vulpe es describite como un spirito familiar que ha poteres magic. Como in le folklore occidental, le vulpe es depictite como malitiose, generalmente dupante altere personas, con le capacitate de disguisar se como un femina human attractive. Il ha totevia altere descriptiones del vulpe como un creatura mystic, sacrate, que pote equalmente causar le miraculo e le destruction.<ref>{{en}} Uther, Hans-Jörg (2006). "The Fox in World Literature: Reflections on a ‘Fictional Animal’". ''Asian Folklore Studies.'' '''65''' (2): 133–160. JSTOR 30030396.</ref> Vulpes con novem caudas es mentionate in le folklore, litteratura e mythologia [[China|chinese]], in que illos pote esser un bon o mal augurio, secundo le conto.<ref>{{en}} Kang, Xiaofei (2006). ''The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China.'' New York: Columbia University Press. p. 15–21. ISBN 0-231-13338-3.</ref> Iste motivo esseva plus tarde introducite ab le cultura chinese a illos [[corea]]n e [[japon]]ese.<ref>{{en}} Wallen, Martin (2006). ''Fox.'' London: [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion_Books Reaktion Books.] pp. 69–70. ISBN 9781861892973.</ref>

Le constellation Vulpecula representa un vulpe.<ref>{{en}} [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/ "Constellation Names".] ''Constellation Guide.'' Retrieved 1 October 2014.</ref>

{{clear}}

== Referentias ==
{{Reflist}}
{{traduction|en|Fox|851204368}}

== Vide etiam ==
{{Commons|Vulpes vulpes}}
* [[Appendice:Galeria de imagines de animales]]


[[Categoria:Canis]]