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SARS-CoV-2

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SARS-CoV-2
Transmission electron micrographia colorisate de SARS-CoV-2 virions con lor "corona" de spicas visibile.
Transmission electron micrographia colorisate de SARS-CoV-2 virions
con lor "corona" de spicas visibile.
Classification scientific
Dominio: Riboviria
Regno: Orthornavirae
Phylo: Pisuviricota
Classe: Pisoniviricetes
Ordine: Nidovirales
Subordine: Cornidovirineae
Familia: Coronaviridae
Subfamilia: Orthocoronavirinae
Genere: Betacoronavirus
Subgenere: Sarbecovirus
Species: SARSr-CoV
Severe acute respiratory
syndrome-related coronavirus

Le Coronavirus 2 del syndrome respiratori acute sever (abbreviate: SARS-CoV-2[1]) es un virus de ARN monocatenari del familia Coronaviridae, que causa le maladia de coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19)[2]. Illo essava initialmente cognoscite como nove coronavirus-19 (abbreviate: 2019-nCoV) per le Organisation Mundial del Sanitate[3][4].

Le virus lanceava le pandemia de coronavirus 2019-2020.[5][6][7] Le prime casos suspectate esseva reportate per le OMS le 31 de decembre 2019.[8][9] Plure casos del nove coronavirus esseva vinculate al mercato de alimentos marin de Wuhan, in China. Le virus poterea venir ex animales appestate in le mercato, ma il non es ancora certe que iste loco es le fonte del epidemia.[10]

Le material genetic de iste nove coronavirus monstra similaritates con le SARS-CoV (79.5%)[11] e altere cippos de coronavirus de vespertilion (96%). Hoc significa que le virus pote haber primo venite ex vespertiliones.[12][13][14]

Le scientistas faceva varie experimentos que monstrava que le virus forsan vadeva ex vespertiliones ad hospites intermedie, significante que altere animales hospitante existe inter le vespertilion e le human.

Principal variantes preoccupante

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A mesura que la pandemia progressa, le virus evolua pro se adaptar al immunisation del population e de nove variantes appare con mutationes genetic que permitte le evasion antigenic (en) (escappamento al anticorpores del responsa immunitari). Iste mutationes concerna principalmente le dominio de ligamine al receptor sur le qual le anticorpores se fixa.

Depost la apparition del duo cippos original (A & B) al fin de 2019 a Wuhan[15], le principal variantes responsabile de ondas de contamination es le siquente:

  • Alpha (B.1.1.7), apparite in octobre 2020 al Regno Unite;
  • Beta (B.1.351), apparite le 18 decembre 2020 in Africa del Sud;
  • Gamma (P.1), apparite le 6 januario 2021 in Japan de personas originari del Brasil; P1 e P.2 deriva de B.1.1.28 que harea circulate al Brasil depois februario 2020;
  • Delta (B.1.617.2), derivante del B.1.617 apparite le 5 octobre 2020 in India;
  • Omicron (B.1.1.529), discoprite in Africa del Sud in novembre 2021 con circa trenta mutationes sul spicula proteina (en); del 3 formas BA.1, BA.2 e BA.3, BA.2 es le plus frequente. Le coronavirus continua su evolution in le familia del subvariantes Omicron:
    • BA.4/BA.5, classate preoccupante le 17 maio 2022, es responsabile del unda epidemic del primavera-estate 2022 in Europa; le subvariantes BA.2.75, BA.5.3.1 e BF.7 prolonga le contaminations;
    • BQ.1.1 (B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1) associate con disordines gatrointestinal (Nigeria 07-2022);[16]
    • XBB.1.5 'Kraken', es un variante recombinante (XBB = BJ.1 x BA.2.75) discoperite al SUA in octobre 2022; le vaccino es actualisate pro proteger contre iste variante;[17][18]
    • XBB.1.9 'Hyperion';
    • XBB.1.16 'Arcturus', sub vigilantia al primavera 2023;
    • XBB.2.3 'Acrux';
    • EG.5.1 (=XBB.1.9.2.5.1) 'Eris', emergente in augusto 2023 (del 'Hyperion' clan).[19]
    • JN.1 (=BA.2.86.1.1, septembre 2023)[20], subvariante de Pirola (BA.2.86, sub surveliantia depost augusto 2023)[21]. Iste ultime se characterisa per eruptiones cutanee (principalmente sul facie e axillas) e irritation ocular, ultra digestive symptomas.[22]
    • XDK, sub surveliantia in Francia in martio 2024, un recombinante JN1 x XBB.1.16.[23]
    • KP.2 (=B.1.1.529.2.86.1.1.11.1.2=JN.1.11.1.2, SUA, april 2024), un variante "FLiRT" (gruppo de variantes characterisate per mutationes F456L e R346T in spicula proteina, meliorante le escappamento de JN.1 al anticorpores); V1104L compensa un ligamine plus debile al ACE2 receptor.[24][25][26]
    • XEC, un variante recombinante KS.1.1 (FLiRT) x KP.3.3 (FLuQE).

Referentias

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  1. ↑ SARS veni del acronymo anglese: Severe acute respiratory syndrome
  2. ↑ Sanya Mansoor (February 11, 2020). "What's in a Name? Why WHO's Formal Name for the New Coronavirus Disease Matters", Time. Recuperate le February 13, 2020. 
  3. ↑ Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV). Recuperate le 21 January 2020.
  4. ↑ Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China. cdc.gov (10 January 2020). Recuperate le 16 January 2020.
  5. ↑ 中国疾病预防控制中心. Archivo del original create le 6 February 2020. Recuperate le 9 January 2020.
  6. ↑ New-type coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert. Archivo del original create le 9 January 2020. Recuperate le 9 January 2020.
  7. ↑ CoV2020. Recuperate le 12 January 2020.
  8. ↑ Pneumonia of unknown cause – China. Disease outbreak news. World Health Organization (5 January 2020). Recuperate le 6 January 2020.
  9. ↑ Schnirring, Lisa (14 January 2020). Report: Thailand's coronavirus patient didn't visit outbreak market (anglese). Recuperate le 15 January 2020.
  10. ↑ "Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China CDC Health Update". New Jersey Department of Health. 18 January 2020
  11. ↑ "Discovery of a novel coronavirus associated with the recent pneumonia outbreak in humans and its potential bat origin" (23 January 2020). bioRxiv: 2020.01.22.914952. doi:10.1101/2020.01.22.914952. 
  12. ↑ Sample CoVZC45 and CoVZXC21, see there for an interactive visualisation Archived 20 januario 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ "The 2019 new Coronavirus epidemic: evidence for virus evolution" (2020). bioRxiv: 2020.01.24.915157. doi:10.1101/2020.01.24.915157. 
  14. ↑ Callaway, Ewen (23 January 2020). "Why snakes probably aren't spreading the new China virus". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00180-8. Recuperate le 27 January 2020. 
  15. ↑ Xiaolu Tang, Changcheng Wu, Xiang Li, Yuhe Song, Xinmin Yao, Xinkai Wu, Yuange Duan, Hong Zhang, Yirong Wang, Zhaohui Qian, Jie Cui, Jian Lu, On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, National Science Review, Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2020, Pages 1012–1023, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036
  16. ↑ https://www.inspq.qc.ca/covid-19/labo/variants
  17. ↑ https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-action-updated-mrna-covid-19-vaccines-better-protect-against-currently-circulating
  18. ↑ https://www.vidal.fr/actualites/30397-vaccination-covid-19-trois-nouvelles-formulations-de-comirnaty-adaptees-au-variant-xbb-1-5.html
  19. ↑ https://www.midilibre.fr/2023/08/07/eris-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-contagiosite-nombre-de-cas-quel-est-ce-virus-qui-descend-domicron-11383307.php
  20. ↑ https://www.santemagazine.fr/actualites/actualites-sante/tout-savoir-sur-jn1-le-nouveau-variant-du-covid-19-notamment-repere-au-royaume-uni-1040261
  21. ↑ Archive copy. Archivo del original create le 2023-08-21. Recuperate le 2023-08-21.
  22. ↑ https://lasanteauquotidien.com/coronavirus-covid-19/covid-19-quel-est-ce-nouveau-symptome-du-variant-pirola-qui-touche-le-visage/
  23. ↑ https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/covid-19-un-nouveau-variant-recombinant-xdk-identifie-faut-il-s-en-mefier-1495302
  24. ↑ https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_list.html
  25. ↑ https://theconversation.com/as-covid-cases-rise-again-what-do-i-need-to-know-about-the-new-flirt-variants-230423
  26. ↑ (pdf) https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.595020v1.full.pdf
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