Chordata

Chordata (chordates o chordatos) es un phylo animal characterisate per le presentia de un chorda neural tubular dorsal o notochorda, sia durante tote le disveloppamento, sia in alicunes del phases de lor vita. Il ha tres subphylos: Cephalochordata, Tunicata e Vertebrata.

Definition[modificar | modificar fonte]

1 = cerebral protuberantia

2 = notochorda

3 = neurocorda dorsal

4 = coda post-anal

5 = ano

6 = tracto digestive

7 = systema circulatori

8 = atrioporo

9 = spatio suprapharyngee

10 = fissuras pharyngee

11 = pharynge

12 = vestibulo

13 = oral cirros

14 = apertura buccal

15 = gonades (ovario / testiculo)

16 = sensor de lumine

17 = nervos

18 = plica metapleural

19 = hepatic ceco (protohepate)

Anatomia del cephalochordate Amphioxus

Le chordatos forma un phylo — un gruppo de animales con un commun plan del corpore^[5] — organismos que ha tote le sequente:^[6]

un notochordo, un typo de cartilagine que se extende in le interior del corpore.
un tubo neural dorsal. In le pisces e altere vertebratos isto se disveloppa in le columna vertebral, le trunco principal de communicationes del systema nervose.
fissuras pharyngee pro filtrar alimentos.
un coda muscular.
un endostylo. Isto es un cannellatura in le pariete ventral del pharynge que adjuta a transportar alimentos al esophago.^[7] Illo immagazina iodo, e es le precursor del glandula thyroide de vertebratos.^[6]

Classification[modificar | modificar fonte]

Supertaxones[modificar | modificar fonte]

Deuterostomia

Subtaxones[modificar | modificar fonte]

Le sequente schema es del libro Vertebrate Palaeontology.^[8]

Phylo Chordata
- Subphylo Tunicata (Urochordata) — (tunicates, 3000 species)
- Subphylo Cephalochordata (Acraniata) — (lancelets, 30 species)
- Subphylo Vertebrata (vertebratos — animales con ossos; 57674 species)
  - Classe 'Agnatha' (paraphyletic gruppo del vertebratos sin mandibula; 100+ species)
    - Subclasse Myxinoidea (pisce; 65 species)
    - Subclasse Petromyzontida (Lampredas)
    - Subclasse Conodonta
    - Subclasse Pteraspidomorphi (Pisce sin mandibula del paleozoica)
      - Ordine Anaspida
      - Ordine Thelodonti (Pisce sin mandibula del paleozoica)
  - Infraphylo Gnathostomata (Vertebratos con mandibula)
    - Classe Placodermi (Formas paleozoic con armatura)
    - Classe Chondrichthyes (Pisces cartilaginose; 900+ species)
    - Classe Acanthodii (Paleozoic "spiny sharks")
    - Classe Osteichthyes (Pisces con ossos; 30.000+ species)
      - Subclasse Actinopterygii (Pisces ray-finned; 30.000 species)
      - Subclasse Sarcopterygii (Pisces lobe-finned)
    - Superclasse Tetrapoda (Vertebratos con quatro pedes; 18.000+ species)
      - Classe Amphibia (Amphibios; 6.000 species)
      - Serie Amniota (con amniotic ovo)
        Classe Reptilia — (reptiles; 8.225+ species)
        Subclasse Anapsida (extincte "protoreptiles" e possibile tortucas)
        
        Subclasse Synapsida ("reptiles" como mammal; 4.500+ species, progenitores del mammales)
        
        Subclasse Diapsida (majoritate de reptiles, progenitores del aves)
        
        Classe Aves (aves; 8.800–10.000 species)
        
        Classe Mammalia (mammiferos; 5.800 species)

Phylogenia[modificar | modificar fonte]

Cladogramma externe[modificar | modificar fonte]

Deuterostomia

Ambulacraria

	Hemichordata

	Echinodermata

Chordata

Cephalochordata

Olfactores

	Tunicata

	vertebrata

Cladogramma interne[modificar | modificar fonte]

Chordata

Cephalochordata

	Amphioxiformes (lancelets)

Olfactores

†Haikouella

Tunicata

	Appendicularia (previe Larvacea)

	Stolidobranchia

	Thaliacea

	Enterogona

Vertebrata/

Cyclostomata

	Myxini (hagfishes)

	Hyperoartia/Petromyzontida (lampreys)

†Conodonta

†Pteraspidomorphi (includes †Arandaspida, †Astraspida and †Heterostraci)

†Cephalaspidomorphi (includes †Galeaspida, †Osteostraci and †Pituriaspida)

Gnathostomata

†"Placodermi" (paraphyletic; includes †Antiarchi, †Petalichthyida, †Ptyctodontida and †Arthrodira)

Crown

	†"Acanthodii" (paraphyletic)

	Chondrichthyes/Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, rat fish)

Euteleostomi/

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)

Sarcopterygii

Actinistia (coelacanths)

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

Tetrapoda

Amphibia

Amniota

Synapsida

Mammalia

Sauropsida

	Lepidosauromorpha (lizards, snakes, tuatara, and their extinct relatives)

	Archosauromorpha (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives)

	Testudinata (turtles and their extinct relatives)

Notas:

Linias presenta relatia evolutionario probabile, includite taxones extincte, que es presentate con dagger, †. Alicun es non-vertebratos. Chordata es un phylo.

Referentias[modificar | modificar fonte]

↑ Karma Nanglu, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, James C. Weaver, Javier Ortega-Hernández (2023-06-06). "A mid-Cambrian tunicate and the deep origin of the ascidiacean body plan" (in en). Nature communications. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39012-4.
↑ "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians" (2012). Paleontological Journal 46: 1–11. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.
↑ Haeckel, E. (1874). Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Leipzig: Engelmann.
↑ Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa". Zoologica Scripta 41 (4): 435–436. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x.
↑ Valentine, J.W. (2004). On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 7. ISBN 0226845486. "Oragnismos ha essite classificate in systemos hierachicos in le seculos XVII e XVIII. Oraganismos ha essite grupate basate in le similaritates morphologica pro formar un hierachia"
↑ ^6,0 ^6,1 Rychel, A.L., Smith, S.E., Shimamoto, H.T., and Swalla, B.J. (2006). "Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (3): 541–549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj055.
↑ Ruppert, E. (2005). "Key characters uniting hemichordates and chordates: homologies or homoplasies?". Canadian Journal of Zoology 83: 8–23. doi:10.1139/Z04-158. Recuperate le 2008-09-22.
↑ Benton, M.J. (2004). Vertebrate Palaeontology, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp. The classification scheme is available online Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine

Ligamines externe[modificar | modificar fonte]

[MT-1] Karma Nanglu, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, James C. Weaver, Javier Ortega-Hernández (2023-06-06). "A mid-Cambrian tunicate and the deep origin of the ascidiacean body plan" (in en). Nature communications. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39012-4.

[2] "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians" (2012). Paleontological Journal 46: 1–11. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042.

[3] Haeckel, E. (1874). Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Leipzig: Engelmann.

[Nielsen2012-4] Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa". Zoologica Scripta 41 (4): 435–436. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x.

[5] Valentine, J.W. (2004). On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 7. ISBN 0226845486. "Oragnismos ha essite classificate in systemos hierachicos in le seculos XVII e XVIII. Oraganismos ha essite grupate basate in le similaritates morphologica pro formar un hierachia"

[RychelSmithShimamotoSwalla2006-6] 6,0 ^6,1 Rychel, A.L., Smith, S.E., Shimamoto, H.T., and Swalla, B.J. (2006). "Evolution and Development of the Chordates: Collagen and Pharyngeal Cartilage". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (3): 541–549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj055.

[Ruppert2005-7] Ruppert, E. (2005). "Key characters uniting hemichordates and chordates: homologies or homoplasies?". Canadian Journal of Zoology 83: 8–23. doi:10.1139/Z04-158. Recuperate le 2008-09-22.

[8] Benton, M.J. (2004). Vertebrate Palaeontology, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp. The classification scheme is available online Archived 2008-10-19 at the Wayback Machine

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