Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela
Sexo	mascule
Nascentia	1918-07-18 (Mvezo)
Decesso	2013-12-05 (Houghton Estate)
Causa de decesso	respiratory disease[*]
Loco de reposo	Qunu[*]
Citatania	Africa del Sud
Educate in	University of the Witwatersrand[], University of Fort Hare[], University of South Africa[], University of London[]
Occupation	politico[], autobiographo[], advocato[], activista politic[], political prisoner[], scenarista[]
Obras notabile	Long Walk to Freedom[*]
Partito politic	African National Congress[], South African Communist Party[]
Religion	Methodismo
Conjuge	Evelyn Mase[], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela[], Graça Machel[*]
Infantes	Makgatho Mandela[], Makaziwe Mandela[], Zenani Mandela-Dlamini[], Thembekile Mandela[], Zindzi Mandela[*]
Parentes	matre Nosekeni Fanny[] patre Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa[]
Premios	Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding[], International Simón Bolívar Prize[], Ludovic-Trarieux International Human Rights Prize[], Sakharov Prize[], United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights[], Star of People's Friendship[], Order of Friendship[], Order of Eduardo Mondlane, 1st class[], Grandmaster of the Order of Good Hope[], Lenin Peace Prize[], Order of Lenin[], honorary degree from Spelman College[], Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize[], honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense[], Order of José Martí[], Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation[], honorary doctor of the Peking University[], Premio Nobel del Pace, Fulbright Prize[], Gold Olympic Order[], Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali[], Order of Augusto César Sandino[], Bruno Kreisky Award for Services to Human Rights[], honorary Canadian citizenship[], Philadelphia Liberty Medal[], Bharat Ratna[], Arthur Ashe Courage Award[], Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights[], Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry[], honorary doctorate of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel[], Ahimsa Award[], Delta Prize for Global Understanding[], Order of Friendship[], Congressional Gold Medal[], Order of Merit[], Isitwalandwe Medal[], Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo[], Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal[], Order of Stara Planina[], Nishan-e-Pakistan[], Order of Playa Girón[], Order of Jamaica[], Order of the Star of Ghana[], Order of the Smile[], Order of Agostinho Neto[], Grand Cross of the Order of Liberty[], honorary doctor of the Autonomous University of Barcelona[], honorary doctor of the University of Hong Kong[], honorary doctor of the University of Calcutta[], honorary doctor of the University of Pretoria[], honorary doctor of the Howard University[], Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of Saint John[], Alan Paton Award[], Order of the Elephant[], Royal Order of the Seraphim[], Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland[], Order of the Nile[], Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav‎[], Honorary Companion of the Order of Canada[], Honorary doctor of Leiden University[], Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic‎[], Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau[], Presidential Medal of Freedom[], Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class[], Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia[], Gandhi Peace Prize[], Four Freedoms Award – Freedom Medal[], Order of the Lion[], Platinum Order of Mapungubwe[], Order of Saint John[], Honorary Doctor at Karolinska Institutet[], Giuseppe Motta Medal[], Ambassador of Conscience Award[], Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership[], Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle[], honorary doctorate of the University of Las Palmas, Gran Canaria[], honorary citizen of Paris[], Honorary doctorate from the Sorbonne University Paris[], honorary doctor of Paris 8 University[], Freedom of the London Borough of Greenwich[], Freedom of the Royal Borough of Greenwich[], World Rugby Hall of Fame[*]
Lingua	anglese, Xhosa[*]
Signatura
Sito	https://www.nelsonmandela.org
Identificatores
ISNI	0000000121447715
VIAF	98029748
IMDB	nm0541691
Commons	Nelson Mandela

Nota

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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 de julio 1918 in Mvezo. Provincia del Capo, Africa del Sud – 5 de decembre 2013 in Johannesburg, Gauteng, Africa del Sud) esseva un revolutionario, politico, e philanthropo qui esseva le Presidente de Sudafrica de 1994 a 1999. Ille esseva un nationalista african e socialista democratic. Su governamento habeva le scopo de dismantellar apartheid per combatter racismo institutionalisate, povressa, e inequalitate, e per promover reconconciliation racial. Ille esseva, etiam, presidente del Congresso National de Africa (CNA) de 1991 a 1997.

Nascite in le familia regal de Thembu, Mandela assisteva al Universitate de Fort Hare e le Universitate de Witwatersrand, ubi ille studiava le lege. In Johannesburg, ille deveniva involvite in le politica anticolonial. Ille se jungeva al CNA e esseva un membro fundante de su liga juvene. Post que le Partita Nationalista Sudafrican attingeva poter in 1948, ille ganiava fama in le Campania de Defia, esseva nominate como le superintendente del capitulo del organisation in Transvaal, e presidava le Congresso del Populo in 1955. Como advocato de lege, ille esseva sovente apprehendite pro sedition, e (con le altere capites de CNA), esseva prosequite in le Judicio de Traition de 1956 a 1961; le prosecution non le convinciva. Ben que ille initialmente esseva committite a nonviolentia, post le judicio ille confundava le gruppo militante Umkhonto wa Sizwe in 1961 in association con le Partita Communista Sudafrican. Postea, ille duceva un campania de sabotage contra le governmento de apartheid. In 1962, ille esseva apprehendite, convincite de conspiration de subverter le stato, e esseva sententiava a detenimento indefinite in le Judicio de Rivonia.

Mandala esseva imprisionate pro 27 annos, initialmente in le insula de Robben, e postea in le prision de Pollsmoor e le prision de Victor Verster. Su incarceration esseva controverse, e un campania international petiva su disincarceration. Ille esseva liberate in 1990, un anno de conflicto racial escalante. Ille adjutava Presidente F. W. de Klerk a abolir apartheid e establir electiones multiracial in 1994. Iste anno, ille ganiava un victoria pro le CNA e esseva nominate le presidente de Sudafrica. Durante su periodo de officio, in que esseva nominate le governamento de unitate national, ille invitava plure altere partitas politic a junger se a su cabinetto. Como ille promitteva in le negotiationes pro abolir apartheid, ille appoiava le nove Constitution de Sudafrica. Ille creava le Commission de Veritate e Reconciliation in 1995 pro investigar abusos preter de derectos human.

Ben que ille continuava le politicas economic liberal del governamento previe, su governmaneto introduceva nove leges pro incoragiar reforma agrari, combatter povressa, e expander accesso al servicios de sanitate. Internationalmente, ille esseva mediator inter Libya e le Regno Unite in le Judicio del bombamento de Volo 103 de Pan-Am, e supervidite le intervention militar in Lesotho de 1993. Ille serviva solmente un termino, e esseva succedite per Thabo Mbeki, su adjuncto. In le annos final de su vita, Mandela deveniva un statista senior, combattante povressa e SIDA per le Fundation Nelson Mandela.

Mandela esseva un persona controversial pro le majoritate de su vita. Ille esseva nominate un terrorista marxista per su criticas. Nonobstante, ille ganiava fama international pro su activismo, e recipeva plus que 250 premios e honores, includente le Premio Nobel del Pace in 1993. In Sudafrica, on se refere a ille como Madiba (su nomine in le xhosa) o Tata ("papa" in xhosa), pro esser le "patre de su nation."