Lingua russe

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Russo ({{{nominenative}}})
Create per: {{{creator}}} in {{{data}}}
Contexto: {{{contexto}}}
Parlate in: {{{statos}}}
Regiones:Parlate in: {{{region}}}
Periodo: {{{periodo}}}
Personas: {{{personas}}}
Position: 8 (native)
Scriptura: {{{scriptura}}}
Typologia: {{{typologia}}}
Filogenese:

Indo-European
 Balto-Slavic
  Slavic
   East Slavic
    
     
      
       

Statuto official
Nationes: Flag of Russia.svg Russia
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova (Regiones de Gagauzia e Transnistria)
Flag of Romania.svg Romania (Region Tulcea (regional))
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan (regional)
Flag of Ukraina Crimea Ukraina (de facto)
Flag of IAEA.svg IAEA
Regulate per: sin regulation official
Codices de position
ISO 639-1 ru
ISO 639-2 rus
ISO 639-3 rus  (en)
SIL {{{sil}}}  (en)
SIL {{{sil2}}}
Extracto in lingua
Declaration universal del derectos del homine - Art.1
{{{extracto}}}
Le Patre Nostre
{{{extracto2}}}
Translitteration
{{{translitteration}}}
Lingua - Lista de linguas - Linguistica
Le logo de Wikipedia Visita le Wikipedia in [[:{{{codice}}}:|Russo]]!
RussianLanguageMap.png
Paises ubi se parla le russo.


Russo (Russo: русский язык, transliteration: ruskiy yazyk, Russo pronunciation: [ˈruskʲɪj jɪˈzɨk]) es le plus diffuse lingua de Eurasia, le plus parlate lingua slavic, e le plus grande lingua native in Europa. Russo esse del familia de linguas indoeuropee, e esse un del tres linguas totevia extante del Linguas slavic oriental (le alteres esse belarusse e ukranian).

Exemplos scribite del lingua slavonic vetere oriental, e habe essite extante del seculo 10 e postea. Hodie Russo esse usate in plure paises foras de Russia. Il esse le lingua official de Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, e le paises non recognoscite Transnistria, e Ossetia del Sud, e Abkhazia. Plus que un quarte del litteratura scientific del mundo esse publicate in Russo[1]. Russo etiam esse un lingua necesse del communicationes mundial (communication aeree e spatial, television, et cetera). Gratias al stato del Union Sovietic in le Seculo 20, le lingua russe habeva un nivel alte de importantia politic. Ergo, russo esse un del sex linguas official del Nationes Unite.

Russo habe un distinction inter consonantes con e sin articulation palatal, frequentemente nominate sonos "dur" e "molle". Iste distinction esse trovate in quasi tote le consonante e esse un del characteristicas notabile del lingua. Un altere aspecto importante esse que le reduction del vocales accentuate, que esse similar al systema del anglese. Accento, que esse non predicibile, non usualmente esse indicate orthographicamente, ma secun le Instituto del Lingua Russe del Academia Russe de Scientias, un accento acute optional (знак ударения) pote, e a veces debe,e sser usate pro marcar le accentuation (como pro distinguer inter duo vocabulos identic o pro indicar le pronunciation de nomines o parolas non commun).


Contento

[modificar] Alphabeto

Un pagina de Azbuka (libro del aphabeto), le prime libro de instruction in russo. Imprimite per Ivan Fyodorov in 1574. Iste pagina monstra le alphabeto cyrillic.

Russo usa le alphabeto cyrillic alphabet. Iste alphabeto habe 33 litteras.

А
/a/
Б
/b/
В
/v/
Г
/g/
Д
/d/
Е
/je/
Ё
/jo/
Ж
/ʐ/
З
/z/
И
/i/
Й
/j/
К
/k/
Л
/l/
М
/m/
Н
/n/
О
/o/
П
/p/
Р
/r/
С
/s/
Т
/t/
У
/u/
Ф
/f/
Х
/x/
Ц
/t͡s/
Ч
/t͡ɕ/
Ш
/ʂ/
Щ
/ɕɕ/
Ъ
/-/
Ы
[ɨ]
Ь
/◌ʲ/
Э
/e/
Ю
/ju/
Я
/ja/

[modificar] Orthographia

Le orthographia russe esse generalmente phonemic in practica.

Accentos acute: замо́к/за́мок ('lock'/'castle'), сто́ящий/стоя́щий ('worthwhile'/'standing'), чудно́/чу́дно ('this is odd'/'this is marvelous'), молоде́ц/мо́лодец ('attaboy'/'fine young man'), узна́ю/узнаю́ ('I shall learn it'/'I am learning it'), отреза́ть/отре́зать ('to cut'/'have/has cut'); personal nomines (афе́ра, гу́ру, Гарси́а, Оле́ша, Фе́рми), stressed word in the sentence (Ты́ съел печенье?/Ты съе́л печенье?/Ты съел пече́нье? - 'Was it you who ate the cookie?'/'Did you eat the cookie?'/'Was the cookie your meal?').

[modificar] Consonantes

  Bilabial Labio-
dental
Dental &
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar
Nasal hard /m/   /n/      
soft /mʲ/   /nʲ/      
Plosive hard /p/   /b/   /t/   /d/     /k/   /g/
soft /pʲ/   /bʲ/   /tʲ/   /dʲ/     /kʲ/*   [gʲ]
Affricate hard     /ʦ/           
soft         /tɕ/       
Fricative hard   /f/   /v/ /s/   /z/ /ʂ/   /ʐ/   /x/     
soft   /fʲ/   /vʲ/ /sʲ/   /zʲ/ /ɕː/*   /ʑː/*   [xʲ]     
Trill hard     /r/      
soft     /rʲ/      
Approximant hard     /l/      
soft     /lʲ/   /j/  

Le lingua russe es notabile pro su distinction basate in le palatalisation del majoritate del consonantes. Si /k/, /g/, /x/ ha allophones palatalisate [kʲ, gʲ, xʲ], solmente /kʲ/ se pote consider un phoneme ("это ткёт"/"этот кот"). Palatalisation es que le centro del lingua es elevate durante e post le articulation del consonante. In le caso de /tʲ/ e /dʲ/, le lingua es elevate bastante que producir fricamento legier (sonos fricative). Le sonos: /t, d, ʦ, s, z, n e rʲ/ es dental consonant, producite con le alto del lingua contra le dentes e non contra le cresta alveolar.


[modificar] Vocabulario

Le numero de parolas in lingua russe es difficile de recognicer proque es simple de crear paroles composite e diminutive paroles, etc.


Work Year Words Notes
Academic dictionary, I Ed. 1789–1794 43,257 Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
Academic dictionary, II Ed 1806–1822 51,388 Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary
Pushkin opus 1810–1837 21,197 -
Academic dictionary, III Ed. 1847 114,749 Russian and Church Slavonic with Old Russian vocabulary
Dahl's dictionary 1880–1882 195,844 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language, includes some properly Ukrainian and Belarusian words
Ushakov's dictionary 1934–1940 85,289 Current language with some archaisms
Academic dictionary 1950–1965 120,480 full dictionary of the "Modern language"
Ozhegov's dictionary 1950s–1960s 61,458 More or less then-current language
Lopatin's dictionary 2000 c.160,000 Orthographic, current language

[modificar] Exemplos

Зи́мний ве́чер [Zímniy vécher]

Бу́ря мгло́ю не́бо кро́ет, [Búrya mglóyu nyébo króyet]

Ви́хри сне́жные крутя́; [Víkhri snyézhnyye krutyá]

То, как зверь, она́ заво́ет, [To, kak zver' oná zavóyet]

То запла́чет, как дитя́, [To zapláchet, kak dityá]

То по кро́вле обветша́лой [To po króvle obvetsháloy]

Вдруг соло́мой зашуми́т, [Vdrug solómoy zashumít]

То, как пу́тник запозда́лый, [To, kak pútnik zapozdályy]

К нам в око́шко застучи́т. [K nam v okóshko zastuchít]

Orthographia reform de 1918 face le lingua russe un lingua moderna e il progresso de scientia in Russia habeva un grande influentia in le seculo 20.

[modificar] Vide etiam

[modificar] Referentias


[modificar] In Anglese

  • Comrie, Bernard, Gerald Stone, Maria Polinsky (1996). The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press. 019824066X. 
  • Carleton, T.R. (1991). Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Press. 
  • Cubberley, P. (2002). Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, 1st ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Halle, Morris (1959). Sound Pattern of Russian. MIT Press. 
  • Ladefoged, Peter and Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Blackwell Publishers. 
  • Matthews, W.K. (1960). Russian Historical Grammar. London: University of London, Athlone Press. 
  • Stender-Petersen, A. (1954). Anthology of old Russian literature. New York: Columbia University Press. 
  • Wade, Terrence (2000). A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, 2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 0631207570. 

[modificar] In Russo

  • Востриков О.В., Финно-угорский субстрат в русском языке: Учебное пособие по спецкурсу.- Свердловск, 1990. – 99c. – В надзаг.: Уральский гос. ун-т им. А. М. Горького.
  • Жуковская Л.П., отв. ред. Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. М., «Наука», 1987.
  • Иванов В.В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. М., «Просвещение», 1990.
  • Михельсон Т.Н. Рассказы русских летописей XV–XVII веков. М., 1978.?
  • Новиков Л.А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы.- Москва: Лань, 2003.
  • Филин Ф. П., О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа; Вопросы языкознания. - М., 1982, № 5. - С. 18–28
  • Цыганенко Г.П. Этимологический словарь русского языка, Киев, 1970.
  • Шанский Н.М., Иванов В.В., Шанская Т.В. Краткий этимологический словарь русского языка. М. 1961.
  • Шицгал А., Русский гражданский шрифт, М., «Исскуство», 1958, 2-e изд. 1983.

[modificar] Dictionarios

[modificar] Altere resources

In altere linguas