Viola (planta)

Wikipedia:Uso de taxobox Viola
Viola reichenbachiana
Classification scientific
Dominio: Eukaryota Regno: Plantae Division: Tracheophyta Superclasse: Angiospermae Classe: Eudicotyledoneae Legion: Rosidae Sublegion: Fabidae Ordine: Malpighiale Familia: Violaceae Subfamilia: Violoideae Tribo: Violeae
Genere
Viola L.
Synonymia
Lista  Chrysion Spach Cittaronium Rchb. Crocion Nieuwl. Dischidium Rchb. Erpetion DC. ex Sweet Grammeionium Rchb. Ion Medik. Jacea Opiz Lophion Spach Mnemion Spach Oionychion Nieuwl.
Typo specie
Viola odorata L.

Viola, le violettas, es un genere de plantas floral del familia Violaceae. Es le plus grande genere del familia, con plus de 680 species. Si multe species vive in temperate Nord Hemispherio, le genere origina de Sud America e se trova in divergente areas como Andes, Australasia o Oceania.

Alcun Viola species son perenne, alteres annual, o plus rarment parve arbustos. In horticultura, pensatas son cultivares con grande floras multicolor, generalmente annual o biennal.

Systematica

Le revision del classification de 2022 identifica 2 subgeneres, 31 sectionnes (cuje 8 de un sol specie) e 20 subsectiones:

• subgen. Neoandinium Marcussen
  • sect. Confertae
  • sect. Ericoidium
  • sect. Grandiflos
  • sect. Inconspicuiflos
  • sect. Relictium
  • sect. Rhizomandinium
  • sect. Rosulatae
  • sect. Sempervivum
  • sect. Subandinium
  • sect. Triflabellium
  • sect. Xylobasis
• subgen. Viola Marcussen
  • sect. Abyssinium Marcussen Africa: equatorial high mountains
  • sect. Chamaemelanium Ging. s.lat. N America, northeast Asia (include Dischidium, Orbiculares)
  • sect. Chilenium W.Becker southern S America
  • sect. Danxiaviola W. B. Liao et Q. Fan (1) China
  • sect. Delphiniopsis W.Becker west Eurasia: sud de Espania; Balkanes
  • sect. Erpetion (Banks) W.Becker eastern Australia; Tasmania
  • sect. Himalayum Marcussen
  • sect. Leptidium Ging. Sud America
  • sect. Melanium Ging. West Eurasia (pensatas)
    • subsect. Bracteolatae
    • subsect. Cleistogamae
    • subsect. Dispares
    • subsect. Ebracteatae
    • subsect. Pseudorupestres
  • sect. Melvio Marcussen Sudafrica
  • sect. Nematocaulon Marcussen Nove Zelanda
  • sect. Nosphinium W.Becker N, C e nord de Sud America; Beringia; Hawaii
    • subsect. Borealiamericanae
    • subsect. Clausenianae
    • subsect. Langsdorffianae
    • subsect. Mexicanae
    • subsect. Nosphinium
    • subsect. Pedatae
  • sect. Plagiostigma Godr. nord hemispherio (include Diffusae)
    • subsect. Australasiaticae
    • subsect. Bilobatae
    • subsect. Bulbosae
    • subsect. Diffusae
    • subsect. Formosanae
    • subsect. Patellares
    • subsect. Stolonosae
  • sect. Rubellium W.Becker Sud America: Chile
  • sect. Sclerosium W.Becker Nord Africa ad Sudwest Asia
  • sect. Spathulidium'' Marcussen west e central Asia: del nord de Iraq ad Mongolia
  • sect. Tridens W.Becker sud de S America
  • sect. Viola  nord hemispherio (violettas) (include Repentes)
    • subsect. Rostratae Kupffer (W.Becker) (dog violets)
    • subsect. Viola
  • sect. Xanthidium Marcussen Andes
  • sect. Xylinosium W.Becker region mediterranee

Phylogenia

Le cladogramma (non exhaustive) del differente sectiones es le sequente:

Viola	subgen.Viola "Melvio" gruppo Viola  Rostratae Viola Nosphinium Himalayum Xylinosium Melanium Spathulidium Abyssinium Delphiniopsis "Cham" gruppo Plagiostigma Chamaemelanium 2 Danxiaviola Chamaemelanium 1 Lepidium Rubellium Chilenium subgen.Neoandinium  Subandinium Rosulatae Sempervivum

Bibliographia

Articulos

• "Physiological Ecology of Germination of Viola rafinesquii" (November 1972). American Journal of Botany 59 (10): 981–988. doi:10.2307/2441480. }
• "Allozyme Diversity in Natural Populations of Viola palmensis Webb & Berth. (Violaceae) from La Palma (Canary Islands): Implications for Conservation Genetics" (31 October 2002). Annals of Botany 90 (6): 725–733. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf256. PMID 12451028. 
• Beattie, A. J. (March 1971). "Pollination Mechanisms in Viola". New Phytologist 70 (2): 343–360. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02533.x. 
• "Seed Dispersal in Viola (Violaceae): Adaptations and Strategies" (August 1975). American Journal of Botany 62 (7): 714–722. doi:10.2307/2442060. 
• "Cytotaxonomy and distributional ecology of western North American violets" (1964). Madroño 17 (6): 173–197. ISSN 0024-9637. , also at BHL
• "Genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in Viola pubescens (Violaceae), a perennial herb with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers" (1 October 2003). Molecular Ecology 12 (11): 2919–2930. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01971.x. PMID 14629373. Bibcode: 2003MolEc..12.2919C. 
• "The Cleistogamous Breeding System: A Review of Its Frequency, Evolution, and Ecology in Angiosperms" (January 2007). The Botanical Review 73 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[1:TCBSAR]2.0.CO;2. 
• "Population Genetic Effects of Urban Habitat Fragmentation in the Perennial Herb Viola pubescens (Violaceae) using ISSR Markers" (13 March 2007). Annals of Botany 100 (1): 91–100. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm077. PMID 17556381. 
• "Myrmecochory in Viola: Dynamics of Seed-Ant Interactions in Some West Virginia Species" (March 1978). The Journal of Ecology 66 (1): 53–72. doi:10.2307/2259181. Bibcode: 1978JEcol..66...53C. 
• "Features of seed germination in different ecological groups of the species of the section Violidum, subgenus Nomimium, genus Viola L. (Violaceae)" (19 August 2015). Contemporary Problems of Ecology 8 (4): 523–533. doi:10.1134/S199542551504006X. 
• "Floral Biology and Pollination Mechanisms in Two Viola Species-From Nectar to Pollen Flowers?" (19 December 2002). Annals of Botany 91 (3): 311–317. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg025. PMID 12547683. 
• "The Zinc Violet and its Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi" (May 1999). Journal of Plant Physiology 154 (5–6): 709–717. doi:10.1016/S0176-1617(99)80249-1. 
• "Oviposition Site Selection by the Regal Fritillary, Speyeria idalia, as Affected by Proximity of Violet Host Plants" (2000). Journal of Insect Behavior 13 (5): 651–665. doi:10.1023/A:1007887809621. 
• "Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland)" (1979). Acta Palaeobotanica 20 (1): 3–117. 
• "Cleistogamy: A tool for the study of floral morphogenesis, function and evolution" (October 1981). The Botanical Review 47 (4): 421–449. doi:10.1007/BF02860538. 
• "Cyclotide evolution: Insights from the analyses of their precursor sequences, structures and distribution in Violets (Viola)" (2017). Frontiers in Plant Science 8: 92–110. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.02058. PMID 29326730. 
• Saint-Hilaire, Augustin (1824). "Tableau monographique des plantes de la flore du Brésil méridional appartenant au groupe (classe Br.) qui comprend qui comprend les Droséracées, les Violacées, les Cistinées et les Frankenicées: Violacées" (in fr). Annales du museum national d'histoire naturelle 72: 445–498. 
• "Landscape-scale response to local habitat restoration in the regal fritillary butterfly (Speyeria idalia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" (9 September 2016). Journal of Insect Conservation 20 (5): 773–780. doi:10.1007/s10841-016-9908-4. 
• "New species and a new hybrid in the Viola hederacea species complex, with notes on Viola hederacea Labill." (2003). Muelleria 18: 7–25. doi:10.5962/p.254920. 
• "A revision of the genus Viola section Plagiostigma (Violaceae) in Republic of Belarus." (in ru) (2015). Botanicheskiĭ Zhurnal 100 (5): 490–500.  Archived 2020-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
• "Relationships among pansies ( Viola section Melanium ) investigated using ITS and ISSR markers" (1 November 2003). Plant Systematics and Evolution 241 (3–4): 153–170. doi:10.1007/s00606-003-0045-7. 
• "A Phylogeny of the Violaceae (Malpighiales) Inferred from Plastid DNA Sequences: Implications for Generic Diversity and Intrafamilial Classification" (1 March 2014). Systematic Botany 39 (1): 239–252. doi:10.1600/036364414X678008. 
• "A new name in section Andinium W.becker of the genus Viola L. (Violaceae)" (2003). Gayana. Botánica 60 (2). doi:10.4067/S0717-66432003000200009. 
• "A new Viola (Violaceae) from the Argentinian Andes" (25 March 2019). Willdenowia 49 (1): 35. doi:10.3372/wi.49.49105. 
• "Fire and Ice: Rosulate Viola Evolution Part One – The Stage is Set" (Fall 2012). North American Rock Garden Society Quarterly 70 (4): 360–366. 
• "Infrageneric relationships of Korean Viola based on eight chloroplast markers" (November 2010). Journal of Systematics and Evolution 48 (6): 474–481. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00102.x. 
• "Viola nanlingensis (Violaceae), a new species from Guangdong, southern China" (2008). Annales Botanici Fennici 45 (3): 233–36. doi:10.5735/085.045.0312. 

Websitos

• Viola (2019). (taxonomy)
  • Viola capillaris Pers..
• American Violet Society (2007). Archivo del original create le 19 February 2020. Recuperate le 7 May 2025.
• Viola 'Little David' (Vtta). Royal Horticultural Society (2020).
• Viola 'Königin Charlotte' (Vt). Royal Horticultural Society (2020).
• Violet, Common Blue (Viola papilionacea) (2020).
• Natural history and research on Viola cazorlensis. Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Archivo del original create le 5 February 2021. Recuperate le 7 May 2025.
• Evaluation of Viola Cultivars as Bedding Plants for Florida. Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (October 2007). Archivo del original create le 7 March 2025. Recuperate le 7 May 2025.
• AGM Plants (Ornamental) 109–110. Royal Horticultural Society (November 2018).