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Revolution Industrial

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Revolution Industrial
instantia de: historical period[*]
subclasse de: economic development[*]


precedite per: Industrious Revolution[*] , succedite per: Second Industrial Revolution[*]
initio: 1760 , fin: 1820
Commons: Industrial revolution

Le Revolution Industrial, a vices appellate le Prime Revolution Industrial in contrasto al subsequente Secunde Revolution Industrial, esseva un periodo transitional del economia global verso processos de manufactura plus extendite, efficiente e stabile, succedente le Secunde Revolution Agricultural. Comenciante in Grande Britannia circa 1760, le Revolution Industrial se habeva expandite a Europa continental e al Statos Unite verso 1840.[1] Iste transition includeva le passaggio de methodos de production manual a machinas; nove processos de manufactura chimic e de production de ferro; le uso crescente de energia hydraulic e energia de vapor; le developpamento de machinas-instrumentos; e le ascension del systema de fabrica mechanisate. Le rendimento augmentava grandemente, e le resultato esseva un augmento sin precedente in le population e le crescentia del population. Le industria textile esseva le prime a usar methodos de production moderne,[2]: 40  e le textiles deveniva le industria dominante in terminos de empleo, valor de rendimento, e capital investite.[2]

Mulite innovationes technologic e architectural esseva britannic.[3][4] Verso le medie del seculo 18, Britannia esseva le principal nation commercial,[5] controlava un imperio commercial global con colonias in America del Nord e le Caribe, e habeva hegemonia militar e politic in le subcontinente indian.[6][7][8][9] Le developpamento del commercio e le ascension del affaceres esseva inter le causas major del Revolution Industrial.[2]: 15  Developpamentos in le derecto facilitava le revolution, tal como decisiones judicial in favor del derectos de proprietate. Un spirito interprendente e un revolution del consumitor adjutava a ducer le industrialisation.[10]

Le Revolution Industrial influentiava quasi omne aspecto del vita. In particular, le revenite medie e le population comenciava a exhibir un crescentia sustenite sin precedente. Le economistas nota que le effecto plus importante esseva que le nivello de vita pro le majoritate in le mundo occidental comenciava a augmentar consistentemente pro le prime vice, ben que alteres ha dicite que illo non comenciava a meliorar significativemente usque le seculo 20.[11][12][13] Le PIB per capita esseva largemente stabile ante le Revolution Industrial e le emergentia del economia capitalista moderne,[14] postea on videva un era de crescentia economic per capita in economias capitalista.[15] Historicos economic concorda que le initio del Revolution Industrial es le evento plus importante in le historia human, comparabile solmente al adoption del agricultura con respecto al progresso material.[16]

Le initio e fin precise del Revolution Industrial es debattite inter historicos, como lo es le rhythmo del cambios economic e social.[17][18][19] Secundo le professor del Universitate de Cambridge Leigh Shaw-Taylor, Britannia jam se industrialisava in le seculo 17.[20][21] Eric Hobsbawm susteneva que le Revolution Industrial comenciava in Britannia in le annos 1780 e non esseva plenmente sentite usque le annos 1830,[17] durante que T. S. Ashton susteneva que illo occurreva inter 1760 e 1830.[18] Un adoption rapide del filatura textile mechanisate occurreva in Britannia in le annos 1780,[22] e alte tassas de crescentia in energia de vapor e production de ferro occurreva post 1800. Le production textile mechanisate se expandeva de Britannia a Europa continental e al Statos Unite in le prime parte del seculo 19.[2]

Un recession occurreva ab le fin del annos 1830 quando le adoption del prime innovationes del Revolution Industrial, tal como le filatura e texidura mechanisate, se rallentava a mesura que le mercatos maturava malgrado le adoption crescente de locomotivas, vapores, e le fusion de ferro per insufflation calide. Nove technologias tal como le telegrapho electric, amplemente introducite in le annos 1840 in le RU e le Statos Unite, non esseva sufficiente pro ducer alte tassas de crescentia. Un crescentia rapide occurreva novemente post 1870, surgente de nove innovationes in le Secunde Revolution Industrial. Istos includeva processos de fabrication de aciero, production in massa, lineas de montage, systemas de rete electric, manufactura a grande scala de machinas-instrumentos, e le uso de machineria avantiate in fabricas propellite per vapor.[2][23][24][25]

Referentias

  1. ↑ Industrial History of European Countries. Council of Europe.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Landes, David S. (11 de martio 1969). The Unbound Prometheus. technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN: 978-0-521-09418-4.
  3. ↑ (2010) Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge MA, London: MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-51562-7.
  4. ↑ E. Anthony Wrigley, "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49.01 (2018): 9–42.
  5. ↑ Reisman, George (1998). Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life. Jameson Books, 127. ISBN: 978-0-915463-73-2.
  6. ↑ Tong, Junie T. (2016). Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets. CRC Press, 151. ISBN: 978-1-317-13522-7.
  7. ↑ (2004) The Islamic World: Past and Present 1: Abba – Hist.. Oxford University Press, 174. ISBN: 978-0-19-516520-3.
  8. ↑ Ray, Indrajit (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857). Routledge, 7–10. ISBN: 978-1-136-82552-1.
  9. ↑ Landes, David (1999). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-0-393-31888-3.
  10. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate Kiely
  11. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate Lectures on Economic Growth
  12. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate Feinstein2014
  13. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate SzreterMooney2014
  14. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate The Industrial Revolution
  15. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate The Industrial Revolution Past and Future
  16. ↑ “The First Economic Revolution” (1 de maio 1977). The Economic History Review 30 (2): 229–230. doi:10.2307/2595144. ISSN 0013-0117.
  17. 1 2 Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate revolution
  18. 1 2 Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate google1
  19. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate lorenzen
  20. ↑ Hall, Rachel (5 de april 2024). Industrial Revolution began in 17th not 18th century, say academics, The Guardian.
  21. ↑ Simpson, Craig (5 de april 2024). Industrial Revolution started in 17th century, historians suggest (in British English), The Telegraph.
  22. ↑ Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600–1850. Department of Economics, University of Warwick.
  23. ↑ Taylor, George Rogers (1951). The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN: 978-0-87332-101-3.
  24. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate Roe1916
  25. ↑ Error de citation: Etiquetta <ref> invalide; nulle texto esseva fornite pro le refs nominate Hunter_1985
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