Johanna de Arco
Johanna de Arco (francese moderne: Jeanne d'Arc [ʒan daʁk]; francese medie: Jehanne Darc [ʒəˈãnə ˈdark]; c. 1412[1] – 30 de maio de 1431), etiam appellate le Puella de Orléans, esse le sancte patrona de Francia, honorate ut defensatrice del nation francese pro su rolo in le Assedio de Orléans e su determination in facer coronar Carolo VII de Francia dum le Guerra del Cento Annos. Asserente de facer le voluntate de Deo, illa deveniva un leader militar importantissime, e succedeva in facer se recognoscer ut le salvatrice de Francia.
Johanna nasceva in un familia de paisanos[2] in Domrémy, in Francia nord-oriental.[3] In 1428, illa demandava de poter vider Carolo VII, affirmante que illa habeva habite visiones inviate la per le archangelo Michele,[4] Sancte Margarita e Sancte Catharina[5] in le quales illa habeva comprehense de deber salvar Francia ab le domination anglese. Convinctissime del devotion e puressa del puella, Carolo inviava Johanna – qui tunc habeva solo dece-septe annos – al Assedio de Orléans ut parte del armea de succurso.[6] Illa arrivava in le citate in april de 1429, con in mano un standardo pro restituer le sperantia a un armea francese quasi completemente demoralisate. Nove dies post su arrivata, i Angleses abandonava le assedio.[7] Postea, Johanna incitava le Franceses a persequer le Angleses in le Campania del Loire – que culminava in un victoria in Patay – dante le possibilitate al Franceses de avantiar verso Reims sine opposition, ubi Carolo esseva coronate rege de Francia con Johanna apud ille. Tote iste victorias inflammava le moral del Franceses, preparante le terreno pro le triumpho final in le Guerra del Cento Annos alicun decennios desde alora.
Post le coronation del rege, Johanna prehendeva parte in le infortunate Assedio de Paris in septembre de 1429, e postea illa falleva in le Assedio de La Charité in novembre del ipse anno. Su rolo in iste disfactas reduceva drasticamente le fiducia que le corte habeva in illa.[8] Al principio de 1430, Johanna organisava un compania de voluntarios pro liberar Compiègne, misse sub assedio per le Burgundianos, alicun alliatos francese del Angleses. Illa esseva capturate per le Burgundianos le 23 de maio.[9] Quamquam illa essayava de escappar, tamen sine succeder, illa esseva consignate al Angleses in novembre. Illa esseva processate con le accusation de heresia,[10] declarate culpabile e sententiate a esser arse vive le 30 de maio de 1431,[11] al etate de dece-nove annos.
In 1456, un tribunal de inquisition revideva le judicio de Johanna e controverteva le verdicto, affirmante que illo esseva plen de deceptiones. Johanna es descripte ut un del filias obediente del Ecclesia Catholic e un symbolo de libertate e independentia. Post le Revolution francese, illa deveniva un symbolo national de Francia. Proclamate un martyre, in 1920 Johanna de Arco esseva canonisate per papa Benedicto XV[12] e, duo annos desde alora, instituite ut sancte patrona de Francia. Illa compare in plure obras artistic, que illos sia de litteratura, musica, pictura, sculptura o theatro.
Referentias
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Annotationes
[modificar | modificar fonte]- ↑ Gies 1981, p. 10; Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 55; Warner 1981, p. 278.
- ↑ Gies 1981, p. 1
- ↑ (francese): Domrémy-La-Pucelle est situé en Lorraine, dans l'ouest du département des Vosges […] dans la vallée de la Meuse. [1]
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 113; Sackville-West 1936, p. 58; Sullivan 1996, p. 88.
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 113; Sullivan 1996, pp. 88–89.
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 113; Sullivan 1996, pp. 88–89.
- ↑ Barker 2009, p. 119; DeVries 1999, p. 91; Gies 1981, p. 81.
- ↑ DeVries 1999, p. 156; Gies 1981, p. 130; Harrison 2014, p. 209.
- ↑ Barker 2009, p. 146; DeVries 1999, pp. 174–177; Harrison 2014, pp. 227–228.
- ↑ Hobbins 2005, pp. 14–15; Sullivan 1999, p. xviii; Russell 1972, p. 262; Taylor 2006, p. 22.
- ↑ Lucie-Smith 1976, pp. 281–282; Michelet 1855, pp. 228–229.
- ↑ Pernoud & Clin 1986, p. 245; Taylor 2012, p. 240.
Fontes
[modificar | modificar fonte]- Gies, Frances (1981). Joan of Arc: The Legend and the Reality. Harper & Row. ISBN 0690019424. OCLC 1204328346.
- Pernoud, Régine (2007). The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456. Harcourt, Brace and Company. ISBN 9781586171780. OCLC 1338471.
- Warner, Marina (1981). Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism. Knopf. ISBN 9780394411453. OCLC 1150060458.
- Sackville-West, Victoria (1936). Saint Joan of Arc. Cobden-Sanderson. OCLC 1151167808.
- Sullivan, Karen (1996). "'I Do Not Name to You the Voice of St. Michael': The Identification of Joan of Arc's Voices", Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc. Garland, 85–112. ISBN 0815336640. OCLC 847627589.
- Barker, Juliet (2009). Conquest: The English Kingdom of France, 1417–1450. Little, Brown. ISBN 9781408702468. OCLC 903613803.
- DeVries, Kelly (1996). "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career", Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc. Garland, 3–18. ISBN 0815336640. OCLC 847627589.
- Harrison, Brian (2002). "Aborted Infants as Martyrs: Are There Wider Implications?", Abortion and Martyrdom: The Papers of the Solesmes Consultation and an Appeal to the Catholic Church. Gracewing. ISBN 9780852445433. OCLC 49989918.
- (2005) "Introduction", The Trial of Joan of Arc. Harvard University Press, 1–32. ISBN 9780674038684. OCLC 1036902468.
- Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1972). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801406973. OCLC 1151774229.
- (1932) The Trial of Jeanne D'Arc. Gotham House. OCLC 1314152.
- Lucie-Smith, Edward (1976). Joan of Arc. Allen Lane. ISBN 0713908572. OCLC 1280740196.
- Michelet, Jules (1900). Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. From Mitchelet's History of France. A. L. Burt. OCLC 1047498185.