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Anarchismo e capitalismo

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Anarchismo e capitalismo


Le natura del capitalismo es criticate per le major parte del anarchistas, qui rejecta le hierarchia e advoca societates sin stato basate super associationes voluntari non-hierarchic[1][2][3] associationes voluntari[4][5] Anarchismo es generalmente definite como le philosophia libertari que considera le stato como indesirabile, innecessari e nocive[6] Agrell, Siri (14 de maio 2007). “Working for The Man”. The Globe and Mail. Patrono:Cite encyclopedia “Anarchism” (2005). The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Anarchismo es le opinion que un societate sin le stato, o governamento, es e possibile e desirabile”. Le sequente fontes cita le anarchismo como un philosophia politic: Mclaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate, 59. ISBN: 978-0-7546-6196-2. Johnston, R. (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 24. ISBN: 0-631-20561-6.</ref>[7] assi como opponente se al authoritarismo, al authoritate illegitime e al organisation hierarchic in le conducta de relationes human.[1][8][9][10][11][12] Le capitalismo es generalmente considerate per le academicos como un systema economic que include le proprietate private del medios de production, le creation de benes o servicios pro lucro o reddito, le accumulation de capital, mercatos competitive e le labor salariate, les quales generalmente ha essite opponite per le major parte del anarchistas historicamente.[13][14] Puisque le capitalismo es definite de diverse manieras per le fontes e il non ha un consenso general inter le academicos super le definition ni super como le termino deberea esser usate como categoria historic, le designation es applicate a un varietate de casos historic, variante in tempore, geographia, politica e cultura.[15]

Anarchismo e anarcho-capitalismo

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Anarcho-capitalismo

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Patrono:Principal

Vide etiam: Questiones in anarchismo

Le anarcho-capitalismo es un philosophia politic que propone que toto lo que es voluntari es moral, inclusive un hierarchia voluntari de empleato/empleator que le anarchistas rejecta. Le anarcho-capitalistas advoca le elimination del stato centralisate in favor del auto-proprietate e soberanitate individual, del proprietate private e del libere mercatos.[16][17] Le anarcho-capitalismo se developpava ex le libertarianismo anti-stato radical american e le anarchismo individualista,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24] hauriente del economia del Schola austriac e del theoria del election public.[25] Le anarcho-capitalistas se distingue del minarchistas, qui advoca un parve stato-vigile nocturne jeffersonian limitate a proteger le individuos e lor proprietates contra aggressiones externe e interne; e del anarchistas, qui sustene le proprietate personal e se oppone al proprietate private del medios de production, al interesse, al profito, al renta e al sclavitude salarial que illes considera como inherente al capitalismo.[26] Le anarcho-capitalistas sustene que, in absentia de statuto, le societate tende a autoregular se e civilisar se contractualmente per medio del disciplina spontanee e organic del libere mercato, in lo que su proponentes describe como un societate voluntari.[27][28]

Anarcho-capitalistas crede que le capitalismo es le absentia de coercion e, per consequente, plenmente compatibile con le philosophia del anarchismo; illes affirma que un effortio de poner fin a lo que illes considera "hierarchia voluntari" es inconsistente con le tradition philosophic de "libertate" presente in le pensamento anarchista.[29] Alcun personas argumenta que le anarcho-capitalismo es un forma de anarchismo individualista,[30][31][32] ben que isto ha essite contestate[33] o rejectate,[34][35][36][37] includente un division individualista-socialista.[33] Multe alteres nega completemente que le anarcho-capitalismo sia un forma de anarchismo,[38][39] o que le capitalismo es compatibile con le anarchismo,[38][40] considerante lo como un forma de libertarianismo del Nove Dextera.[38]

Anarcho-capitalistas supporta le travalio salariate e non supporta explicitemente le democratia in le loco de travalio e le autogestion del travaliatores como lo face le anarchistas, affirmante que le travalio salariate es sempre voluntari.[41] Tamen, le anarchistas argumenta que certe transactiones capitalist, includente le travalio salariate, non es voluntari e que mantener le structura de classes de un societate capitalist require coercion, lo que viola tanto le principios anarchista como le principio de non-aggression del anarcho-capitalismo.[42][43][44][45]

Le autor e theoretico anarcho-capitalista Murray Rothbard, qui coineava le termino ipse e disveloppava tal philosophia ab le annos 1950 usque al annos 1970, affirmava que le anarchismo individualista es differente del capitalismo perque le anarchistas individualista conserva le theoria del valor-labor[34] e le doctrinas socialista.[46][47][48][49] Commentatores anarchista non considera le anarcho-capitalismo como un forma legitime de anarchismo a causa del characteristicas coercitive percipite del capitalismo. In particular, illes argue que certe transactiones capitalista non es voluntari e que le mantenimento del structura de classes de un societate capitalista require coercion in violation de principios anarchista.[50][42]

In un societate anarcho-capitalista, le application del lege, le tribunales e tote le altere servicios de securitate serea operate per competitores financiate privatemente seligite per le consumatores, in loco de centralmente via un taxation confiscatori. Insimul con tote le altere benes e servicios, le moneta serea fornite privatemente e competitivemente in un mercato aperte, e le activitates personal e economic serea regulate per organisationes de resolution de disputas basate sur le victima sub le derecto de delicto civil e de contracto, in loco de per statuto via punitiones centralmente determinate sub monopolios politic que tende a devenir corrupte in proportion a lor monopolisation.[51] Le regulationes de affaceres, tal como le standardes corporative, le relationes public, le etiquetas de productos, le regulas de protection del consumator, le ethica e le relationes laboral, serea regulate voluntariamente via le uso de associationes commercial competitive, societates professional e organismos de standardisation. In theoria, isto stabilirea un recurso de mercato pro le decisiones del interprendas e permitterea al mercato communicar efficacemente con le interprendas per le uso de uniones de consumatores in loco de mandatos regulatori centralisate pro companias imponite per le stato, lo que le anarcho-capitalistas argumenta es inefficace a causa del captura regulatori.[52]

Anarcho-capitalistas como Hans-Hermann Hoppe assevera que lor philosophia precede le formas socialista de anarchismo, post que secundo illes, varie theoreticos liberal ha defendite philosophias legal e politic simile al anarcho-capitalismo.[53] Totevia, le prime persona a usar le termino anarcho-capitalismo esseva Murray Rothbard,[54] qui synthetisava a medietate del seculo 20 elementos del Schola Austriac, del liberalismo classic e del anarchistas individualista american del seculo 19 Benjamin Tucker e Lysander Spooner, rejectante simultaneamente lor theoria del valor-labor e le normas que illes derivava de illo.[55] Un societate anarcho-capitalista rothbardian operarea sub un "codigo legal" libertari mutualmente accordate "que serea generalmente acceptate, e que le tribunales se obligarea a sequer".[56] Iste pacto recognoscerea le autoproprietate, le proprietate, le contractos e le derecto de delictos civil in concordantia con le universal principio de non-aggression, con le anarcho-capitalistas argumentante que illo representa le unic forma pur de anarchismo.[57][58]

Rothbard argumentava que le systema capitalista non es propriemente anarcho-capitalista proque illo frequentemente collude con le stato, scribente: "Le differentia inter le capitalismo de mercato libere e le capitalismo de stato es precisemente le differentia inter, de un latere, le excambio pacific e voluntari, e del altere, le expropriation violente. Le capitalismo de stato crea inevitabilemente tote typo de problemas que deveni insolubile".[59] Secundo Rothbard, "lo que Marx e scriptores posterior ha facite es amalgamar duo conceptos e actiones extrememente differente e mesmo contradictori sub le mesme termino omnibus. Iste duo conceptos contradictori es lo que io appellarea 'capitalismo de mercato libere' de un latere, e 'capitalismo de stato' del altere".[59] Totevia, malgrado le affirmationes de Rothbard, le marxistas de facto face un distinction inter le capitalismo de mercato libere e le capitalismo de stato.[60] Le termino capitalismo de stato esseva usate pro le prime vice per le politico marxista Wilhelm Liebknecht in 1896[61] e Friedrich Engels, qui developpava le theoria marxista, parlava del capitalismo con proprietate estatal como un forma differente de capitalismo.[62]

Rothbard manteneva que le anarcho-capitalismo es le unic forma ver de anarchismo — le unic forma de anarchismo que poterea possibilemente exister in le realitate, post que ille argumentava que qualcunque altere forma presuppone un imposition autoritari de ideologia politic, tal como le "redistribution del proprietate private".[63] Secundo iste argumento, le mercato libere es simplemente le situation natural que resultarea del facto que le gente es libere de autoritate, e implica le stabilimento de tote le associationes voluntari in le societate, tal como cooperativas, organisationes sin scopo lucrativ, interprendas e assi successivemente. De plus, le anarcho-capitalistas assi como le minarchistas liberal classic argumenta que le application de ideales anarchista, como propugnate per lo que illes nomina anarchistas de sinistra, requirerea un typo de organo autoritari pro imponer lo. Basate sur lor comprension del anarchismo, pro impedir per le fortia que le gente accumula capital, lo que illes crede es un objectivo de ille anarchistas, il haberea necessarimente un typo de organisation redistributive que haberea le autoritate de, in essentia, exiger un taxa e reallocar le recursos resultante a un gruppo de personas plus grande. Illes conclude que iste organo haberea inherentemente poter politic e serea nihil minus que un stato. Le differentia inter un tal arrangiamento e un systema anarcho-capitalista es lo que le anarcho-capitalistas considera como le natura voluntari del organisation intra le anarcho-capitalismo, in contrasto con un ideologia centralisate e un mechanismo de imposition associate que illes crede serea necessari sub un systema anarcho-egalitari "coercitivemente".[64] Del altere latere, le anarchistas argumenta que un stato es requirite pro mantener le proprietate private e pro permitter que le capitalismo functione.[65][66][67][68]

Rothbard etiam scribeva un articulo publicate postumemente titulate "Es le libertarios 'anarchistas'?" in le qual ille traciava le radices etymologic del philosophia anarchista, arrivante finalmente al conclusion que "nos trova que tote le anarchistas actual es collectivistas irrational, e per consequente a polos opposite de nostre position. Que necun del gruppos anarchista proclamate corresponde al position libertari, que mesmo le meliores de illes ha elementos irrealista e socialista in lor doctrinas". In ultra, ille scribeva: "Nos debe per consequente concluder que nos non es anarchistas, e que illes qui nos appella anarchistas non se trova sur un firme terreno etymologic, e es completemente ahistoric. Del altere latere, il es clar que nos tampoco es archistas: nos non crede in le stabilimento de un autoritate central tyrannic que coercera tanto le non-invasives como le invasives. Fortasse, alora, nos poterea nominar nos per un nove nomine: nonarchista".[69]

Perspectiva anarchista

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Inversemente, multe anarchistas non crede que le anarcho-capitalismo pote esser considerate un parte del movimento anarchista debite al facto que le anarchismo ha historicamente essite un movimento anticapitalista, e illes considera le anarchismo como fundamentalmente incompatibile con le capitalismo proque le capitalismo produce un hierarchia economic.[70][71][72][73][74][75] Durante tote su historia, le anarchismo ha essite definite per su defensores in opposition al capitalismo, le qual, secundo illes, pote esser mantenite solmente per le violentia del stato.[76] Le anarchistas seque Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in opponer se al proprietate del locos de travalio per capitalistas, e illes visa a reimplacar le labor salariate per associationes de travaliatores. Le anarchistas concorda etiam con le commentario de Peter Kropotkin que "le origine del conception anarchista del societate [jace in] le critica [...] del organisationes hierarchic e del conceptiones autoritari del societate" plus tosto que in un simple opposition al stato o al governamento.[77] Illes argumenta que le systema salariate es hierarchic e autoritari per natura e, in consequentia, le capitalismo non pote esser anarchista.[78]

Referentias

  1. 1 2 "Principios del International de Federationes Anarchista". (Archivate 2012-01-05 al Wayback Machine) International de Federationes Anarchista. "Le IAF - IFA lucta pro: le abolition de tote le formas de autoritate, sia economic, politic, social, religiose, cultural o sexual".
  2. ↑ Kropotkin, Peter. "Anarchismo: su philosophia e ideal". "Es pro isto que le Anarchia, quando illo labora pro destruer le autoritate in tote su aspectos, quando illo exige le abrogation de leges e le abolition del mechanismo que servi a imponer los, quando illo recusa tote organisation hierarchic e predica le libere accordo — al mesme tempore se effortia a mantener e aggrandir le preciose nucleo de costumes social sin le quales necun societate human o animal pote exister".
  3. ↑ "B.1 Pro que le anarchistas es contra le autoritate e le hierarchia?" (Archivate 2012-06-15 al Wayback Machine). Un FAQ anarchista. "Le anarchistas se oppone al autoritate irrational (p.ex. illegitime), in altere parolas, al hierarchia — le hierarchia essente le institutionalisation del autoritate intra un societate".
  4. ↑ Woodcock, George. "Anarchismo". Encyclopedia de Philosophia. "ANARCHISMO, un philosophia social que rejecta le governamento autoritari e mantene que le institutiones voluntari es le plus aptes pro exprimer le tendentias social natural del homine".
  5. ↑ Kropotkin, Peter. "Anarchismo". Encyclopædia Britannica. "In un societate disvolupate super iste lineas, le associationes voluntari que jam ora comencia a comprender tote le campos del activitate human prendera un extension ancora plus grande de modo a substituer se al stato in tote su functiones".
  6. ↑ Malatesta, Errico. “Verso le anarchismo”. Man!. Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco. OCLC 3930443.
  7. ↑ Slevin, Carl (2003). McLean, Aiaun; McMillan, Allistair, eds. "Anarchism". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press.
  8. ↑ Goldman, Emma. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". Anarchism and Other Essays. "Le anarchismo, alora, representa vermente le liberation del mente human del dominio del religion; le liberation del corpore human del dominio del proprietate; le liberation del catenas e restrictiones del governamento. Le anarchismo representa un ordine social basate super le libere gruppamento de individuos con le proposito de producer ricchezza social real; un ordine que garantira a cata esser human libere accesso al terra e plen gozo del necessitates del vita, secundo le desiderios, gustos e inclinationes individual".
  9. ↑ Tucker, Benjamin. Individual Liberty. "Ili discoperiva que ili deveva turnar se o a dextra o a sinistra, — sequer o le sentiero del Authoritate o le sentiero del Libertate. Marx ibat in un direction; Warren e Proudhon in le altere. Assi nasceva le Socialismo de Stato e le Anarchismo. [...] Le Authoritate prende multe formas, sed, generalmente parlate, su inimicos se divide in tres classes: primo, illes qui la abhorre e como medio e como fin de progresso, opponente se a illa de maniera aperte, declarate, sincere, coherente e universal; secundo, illes qui professa creder in illa como medio de progresso, sed qui la accepta solmente in tanto que ili pensa que illa servira a lor proprie interesses egoistic, negante la e su benedictionas al resto del mundo; tertio, illes qui diffide de illa como medio de progresso, credente in illa solmente como un fin a esser obtenite per primo conculcar la, violar la e ultragiar la. Iste tres phases de opposition al Libertate se incontra in quasi omne sphera de pensamento e activitate human. Bon representantes del prime se vide in le Ecclesia Catholic e le autocratia russe; del secunde, in le Ecclesia Protestante e le schola de Manchester de politica e economia politic; del tertie, in le atheismo de Gambetta e le socialismo de Karl Marx".
  10. ↑ Ward, Colin (1966). Anarchism as a Theory of Organization.
  11. ↑ Le historico anarchista George Woodcock reporta super le anti-authoritarismo de Mikhail Bakunin e monstra opposition a formas de authoritate tanto statal como non-statal de iste modo: "Omne anarchistas nega le authoritate; multe de illes lucta contra illo". (p. 9) "[...] Bakunin non converteva le comitato central del Liga a su programma complete, sed ille les persuadeva a acceptar un recommendation remarcabilemente radical al Congresso de Berna de septembre 1868, demandante le equalitate economic e attaccante implicitamente le authoritate tanto in le Ecclesia como in le Stato".
  12. ↑ Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism", The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing, 106.
  13. ↑ Heilbroner, Robert L. Capitalism. New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Secunde Edition (2008).
  14. ↑ Tormey, Simon. Anticapitalism. One World Publications, 2004. p. 10.
  15. ↑ Scott, John (2005). Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.
  16. ↑ Patrono:Cite encyclopedia
  17. ↑ Stringham, Edward (2007). Anarchy and the Law: The Political Economy of Choice. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. ISBN: 9781412805797.
  18. ↑ Tormey, Simon (2004). Anti-capitalism: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld. ISBN: 9781851683420.
  19. ↑ Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Books.
  20. ↑ Raico, Ralph (2004). Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century. Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS.
  21. ↑ Heider, Ulrike (1994). Anarchism:Left, Right, and Green. City Lights. p. 3.
  22. ↑ Outhwaite, William (2002). The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. "Anarchism". p. 21.
  23. ↑ Bottomore, Tom. Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Anarchism entry, 1991.
  24. ↑ Ostergaard, Geofrey. Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition. Peace Pledge Union Publications. (Archivate 2008-07-25 al Wayback Machine). Recuperate le 20 de junio 2020.
  25. ↑ Stringham, Edward (2005). Anarchy, State, and Public Choice (Archivate 2020-04-16 al Wayback Machine). Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar.
  26. ↑ McKay, Iain (2008). An Anarchist FAQ – section B.3 Why are anarchists against private property?. AK Press.
  27. ↑ Patrono:Cite encyclopedia
  28. ↑ Edward Stringham. Anarchy and the law: the political economy of choice. p. 51.
  29. ↑ Bernstein, Andrew (2005). The Capitalist Manifesto: The Historic, Economic and Philosophic Case for Laissez-faire. University of America. ISBN: 0-7618-3221-1.
  30. ↑ Bottomore, Tom (1991). "Anarchism", A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Reference, 21. ISBN: 0-63118082-6.
  31. ↑ Outhwaite, William (2003). The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. "Anarchism". Blackwell Publishing. p. 13. "Le lor successores de hodie, tal como Murray Rothbard, habente abandonate le theoria del valor-labor, se describe como anarcho-capitalistas".
  32. ↑ Vide le sequente fontes:
    • Bullosk, Alan; Trombley, Stephen (ed.) (1999). The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 30.
    • Barry, Norman (2000). Modern Political Theory. Palgrave, p. 70.
    • Adams, Ian (2002). Political Ideology Today. Manchester University Press. ISBN: 0-7190-6020-6, p. 135.
    • Grant, Moyra (2003). Key Ideas in Politics. Nelson Thomas. p. 91. ISBN: 0-7487-7096-8.
    • Heider, Ulrike (1994). Anarchism: Left, Right, and Green. City Lights. p. 3.
    • Avrich, Paul (1996). Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America. Edicion de tasca abbreviate. p. 282.
    • Tormey, Simon (2004). Anti-Capitalism, One World. pp. 118–119.
    • Raico, Ralph (2004). Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century. École Polytechnique, Centre de Recherche en Épistémologie Appliquée, Unité associée au CNRS.
    • Busky, Donald (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 4.
    • Heywood, Andrew (2002). Politics: Second Edition. Palgrave. p. 61.
    • Offer, John (2000). Herbert Spencer: Critical Assessments. Routledge. p. 243.
  33. 1 2 Franks, Benjamin (1 de augusto 2013). “Anarchism”. The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies: 385–404. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001.
  34. 1 2 Rothbard, Murray (annos 1950). "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'?". Lew Rockwell.com. Recuperate le 1 de april 2020.
  35. ↑ Wieck, David (1978). "Anarchist Justice". In Chapman, John W.; Pennock, J. Roland Pennock, eds. Anarchism: Nomos XIX. New York: New York University Press. pp. 227–228. "Foras del historia del pensamento e action anarchista, Rothbard ha extrahite un sol filo, le filo del individualismo, e defini ille individualismo de un modo alien mesmo al spirito de un Max Stirner o de un Benjamin Tucker, de qui io presume que ille reclamarea le herentia – per non dicer de quanto alien es su via al spirito de Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin, Malatesta, e le personas historicamente anonyme qui a transverso de lor pensamentos e actiones ha tentate dar al anarchismo un significato vive. Ex iste filo, Rothbard fabrica ancora un ideologia burgese." Recuperate le 7 de april 2020.
  36. ↑ Peacott, Joe (18 de april 1985). "Reply to Wendy Mc Elroy". New Libertarian (14). Junio 1985. (Archivate 2017-02-07 al Wayback Machine). Recuperate le 7 de april 2020. "In su articulo super le anarchismo individualista in le New Libertarian de octobre 1984, Wendy McElroy affirma erroneamente que le anarchismo individualista de nostre dies es identic al capitalismo anarchista. Illa ignora le facto que il ha ancora anarchistas individualistas qui rejecta le capitalismo tanto como le communismo, in le tradition de Warren, Spooner, Tucker, e alteres. [...] Benjamin Tucker, quando ille parlava de su ideal "societate de contracto", certemente non parlava de nihil que resimila remotemente le societate capitalista contemporanee. [...] Io non disputa le definition de McElroy de se ipse como un anarchista individualista. Nonobstante, io non ama le facto que illa tenta equiparar le termino al capitalismo anarchista. Isto simplemente non es ver. Io es un anarchista individualista e io me oppone al relationes economic capitalista, voluntari o de altere typo."
  37. ↑ Baker, J. W. "Native American Anarchism". The Raven. 10 (1): 43‒62. "Il es hora que le anarchistas recognosce le contributiones de valor del theoria anarchista individualista e profita de su ideas. Il serea tanto futile como criminal lassa lo al libertarios capitalista, de qui le pretensiones super Tucker e le alteres pote solmente facer se per ignorar le violente opposition que illes habeva al exploitation capitalista e al 'libere interprisa' monopolistic supportate per le stato." Recuperate le 7 de april 2020.
  38. 1 2 3 Marshall, Peter (1993). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. PM Press, 565. ISBN: 978-1-60486-064-1.: "In facto, pauc anarchistas acceptarea le 'anarcho-capitalistas' in le campo anarchista, post que illes non comparte un preoccupation pro le equalitate economic e le justitia social. Lor homines de mercato calculante e egoista serea incapace de practicar le cooperation voluntari e le adjuta mutue. Le anarcho-capitalistas, mesmo si illes rejecta le Stato, poterea per ille ration esser melio appellate libertarios de dextera in loco de anarchistas."; Sabatini, Peter (1994–1995). “Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy”. Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed (41). "Intra le libertarianismo, Rothbard representa un perspectiva minoritari que de facto argumenta pro le elimination total del stato. Nonobstante, le pretension de Rothbard de esser un anarchista es rapidemente invalidate quando se monstra que ille solmente vole un fin al stato public. In su loco, ille permitte innumerabile statos private, con cata persona forniente su proprie fortia de policia, armea e lege, o alteremente comprante iste servicios de venditores capitalista. [...] [A]si, lo que remane es un stridule anti-statismo conjuncte a un libertate vacue in un defensa banal del capitalismo. In summa, le "anarchia" del libertarianismo se reduce a un fraude liberal."; Meltzer, Albert (1 de januario 2000). Anarchism: Arguments for and Against. AK Press, 50. ISBN: 978-1-873176-57-3. "Le philosophia del "anarcho-capitalismo" imaginate per le Nove Dextera "libertari" ha nihil a facer con le anarchismo cognoscite per le movimento anarchista proprie."; Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow. Liverpool Press, 4. ISBN: 978-1-84631-025-6.: "'Libertario' e 'libertarianismo' es frequentemente empleate per anarchistas como synonymos de 'anarchista' e 'anarchismo', in grande parte como un tentativa de distantiar se del connotationes negative de 'anarchia' e su derivatos. Le situation se ha complicate enormemente in le ultime decennios con le surgimento del anarcho-capitalismo, del 'statismo minimal' e de un philosophia de laissez-faire de extrema dextera defendite per theoreticos tal como Murray Rothbard e Robert Nozick e lor adoption del parolas 'libertario' e 'libertarianismo'. Per consequente, il ha devenite ora necessari distinguer inter lor libertarianismo de dextera e le libertarianismo de sinistra del tradition anarchista."; Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press, 53. ISBN: 978-0-7486-3495-8.: "Il es importante distinguer inter le anarchismo e certe correntes de libertarianismo de dextera que a vices porta le mesme nomine (per exemplo, le anarcho-capitalismo de Murray Rothbard). Il existe un debato complexe intra iste tradition inter illes qui, como Robert Nozick, defende un 'stato minimal', e illes qui, como Rothbard, vole abolir le stato completemente e permitter que tote le transactiones sia governate solmente per le mercato. Desde un perspectiva anarchista, nonobstante, ambe positiones — le position del stato minimal (minarchista) e le position de absentia de stato ('anarchista') — neglige le problema del domination economic; in altere parolas, illes neglige le hierarchias, oppressiones e formas de exploitation que inevitabilemente surgerea in un 'libere' mercato de laissez-faire. [...] Le anarchismo, per consequente, non ha nihil a facer con iste libertarianismo de dextera, non solmente proque ille neglige le inequalitate e le domination economic, sed etiam proque in le practica (e in le theoria) ille es altemente inconsistente e contradictori. Le libertate individual invocate per le libertarios de dextera es solmente un stricte libertate economic intra le limites de un mercato capitalista, lo que, como le anarchistas monstra, non es de toto un libertate".
  39. ↑ Vide le sequente fontes:
    • K, David (2005). What is Anarchism?. Bastard Press.
    • Marshall, Peter (1992). Demanding the Impossible. Capitulo 38. London: Fontana Press. ISBN: 0-00-686245-4.
    • MacSaorsa, Iain (2009). Is 'Anarcho' Capitalism Against the State?. Spunk Press.
    • Wells, Sam (Januario 1979). Anarcho-Capitalism is Not Anarchism, and Political Competition is Not Economic Competition. Frontlines 1.
  40. ↑ Vide le sequente fontes:
    • Peikoff, Leonard (1991). Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand. Capitulo "Government". Dutton Adult.
    • Doyle, Kevin (2002). Crypto Anarchy, Cyberstates, and Pirate Utopias. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 447–448.
    • Sheehan, Seán M. (2003). Anarchism Reaktion Books. p. 17.
    • Kelsen, Hans (1988). The Communist Theory of Law. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 110.
    • Tellegen, Egbert; Wolsink, Maarten (1998). Society and Its Environment: an introduction. Routledge. p. 64.
    • Jones, James (2004). The Merry Month of May. Akashic Books. pp. 37–38.
    • Sparks, Chris. Isaacs, Stuart (2004). Political Theorists in Context. Routledge. p. 238.
    • Bookchin, Murray (2004). Post-Scarcity Anarchism. AK Press. p. 37.
    • Berkman, Alexander (2005). Life of an Anarchist. Seven Stories Press. p. 268.
  41. ↑ Tormey, Simon (2004). Anti-capitalism: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld. p. 10. ISBN: 9781851683420.
  42. 1 2 McKay, Iain (2008). An Anarchist FAQ – Section F – Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism?. AK Press.
  43. ↑ McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. Ashgate Publishing, 48. ISBN: 9781138276147. “Thus, as David Miller puts it, capitalism is regarded by anarchists as 'both coercive [...] and exploitative – it places workers in the power of their bosses, and fails to give them a just return for their contribution to production' [...].”
  44. ↑ (2015) Anarchism and Animal Liberation: Essays on Complementary Elements of Total Liberation. McFarland & Co.. ISBN: 9780786494576. “Anarchism is a socio-political theory which opposes all systems of domination and oppression such as racism, ableism, sexism, anti-LGBTTQIA, ageism, sizeism, government, competition, capitalism, colonialism, imperialism and punitive justice, and promotes direct democracy, collaboration, interdependence, mutual aid, diversity, peace, transformative justice and equity”
  45. ↑ Fiala, Andrew (3 de octobre 2017). Anarchism.
  46. ↑ Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State: the State the Expositors of Individualist Anarchism. Dekalb, Illinois: The Adrian Allen Associates.
  47. ↑ Tucker, Benjamin (1970). Liberty. Greenwood Reprint Corporation. 7–8. p. 26. "Liberty has always insisted that Individualism and Socialism are not antithetical terms; that, on the contrary, the most ... not of Socialist Anarchism against Individualist Anarchism, but of Communist Socialism against Individualist Socialism."
  48. ↑ McKay, Iain (2012). An Anarchist FAQ Vol.II – Section G – Is Individualist Anarchism Capitalistic?. Edinburgh and Oakland: AK Press. ISBN: 9781849351225.
  49. ↑ Carson, Kevin (2017). "Anarchism and Markets". In Jun, Nathan J. (2017). Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy. BRILL. p. 81. ISBN: 9789004356894.
  50. ↑ McKay, Iain (2007). "Section F - Is "anarcho"-capitalism a type of anarchism", An Anarchist FAQ, Volume I. AK Press. ISBN: 978-1-902593-90-6.
  51. ↑ "Review of Kosanke's Instead of Politics – Don Stacy" (Archivate 2018-10-01 al Wayback Machine) (2011). Libertarian Papers. (3:) 3.
  52. ↑ Yilmaz, Yesim (20 April 1998). Policy Analysis No. 303. "Private Regulation: A Real Alternative for Regulatory Reform". Cato Institute. p. 10.
  53. ↑ Hoppe, Hans-Hermann (31 December 2001). "Anarcho-Capitalism: An Annotated Bibliography". "III. Precursors of Modern Anarcho-Capitalism". Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  54. ↑ Leeseon, Robert (2017). Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part IX: The Divine Right of the 'Free' Market. Springer, 180. ISBN: 9783319607085. “To the original 'anarchocapitalist' (Rothbard cointed the term) [...].”
  55. ↑ Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought (1987). p. 290. ISBN: 978-0-631-17944-3. "A student and disciple of the Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard combined the laissez-faire economics of his teacher with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state he had absorbed from studying the individualist American anarchists of the 19th century such as Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker".
  56. ↑ Rothbard, Murray. For a New Liberty. "12 The Public Sector, III: Police, Law, and the Courts".
  57. ↑ "The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism" (Archivate 2026-03-16 al Wayback Machine). "Socialists attacked it for upholding the "anarchical" free-market system instead of "scientific" central planning".
  58. ↑ "Are Libertarians "Anarchists"?. "It is the tragic irony of left-wing anarchism that, despite the hopes of its supporters, it is not really anarchism at all. It is either Communism or chaos".
  59. 1 2 Rothbard, Murray (1973). "A Future of Peace and Capitalism" (Archivate 2008-10-16 al Wayback Machine). In Weaver, James H. ed. Modern Political Economy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 419–430.
  60. ↑ Dossani, Sameer (10 de februario 2009). Chomsky: Understanding the Crisis — Markets, the State and Hypocrisy. Institute for Policy Studies. Archivo del original create le 12 de octobre 2009. Recuperate le 20 de julio 2026.
  61. ↑ Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1 de augusto 1896). “Our Recent Congress”. Justice: 4–29.
  62. ↑ Engels, Friedrich (1970). "Historical Materialism", Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, Marx/Engels Selected Works 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 95–151.
  63. ↑ Rothbard, Murray (25 February 1972). "Exclusive Interview With Murray Rothbard". The New Banner: A Fortnightly Libertarian Journal. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  64. ↑ Tame, Chris R. (October 1983). The Chicago School: Lessons from the Thirties for the Eighties. Economic Affairs. p. 56.
  65. ↑ Rocker, Rudolf (1938). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. An Introduction to a Subject Which the Spanish War Has Brought into Overwhelming Prominence. Secker and Warburg, 11. “[...] as long as within society a possessing and non-possessing group of human beings face one another in enmity, the state will be indispensable to the possessing minority for the protection for its privileges.”
  66. ↑ Casey, Gerard (2018). Freedom's Progress. Andrews UK Limited, 670. ISBN: 978-1845409425.
  67. ↑ Black, Bob (1992). "The Libertarian As Conservative". In The Abolition of Work and Other Essays. p. 144. "To my mind a right-wing anarchist is just a minarchist who'd abolish the state to his own satisfaction by calling it something else. [...] Both camps call for partial or complete privatization of state functions but neither questions the functions themselves. They don't denounce what the state does, they just object to who's doing it."
  68. ↑ Morris, Brian (2006). "Global Anti-Capitalism". Anarchist Studies. 14 (2): 170–176. "[Anarcho-capitalists] simply replaced the state with private security firms, and can hardly be described as anarchists as the term is normally understood."
  69. ↑ Rothbard, Murray (4 January 2008). "Are Libertarians "Anarchists"?" Mises Daily. Mises Institute. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  70. ↑ Sabatini, Peter (Autumno/Hiberno 1994–1995). "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy". Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed (41). "Intra le libertarismo, Rothbard representa un perspectiva minoritari que de facto argumenta pro le elimination total del stato. Tote via, le pretension de Rothbard de esser un anarchista es rapidamente invalidate quando on monstra que ille solmente vole un fin al stato public. In su loco, ille permitte innumerabile statos private, con cata persona forniente lor proprie fortia de policia, armea e lege, o alteremente achetante iste servicios de venditores capitalista. [...] [A]si que lo que remane es un stridule anti-statismo conjuncte a un vacue libertate in un defense banal del capitalismo. In summa, le "anarchia" del libertarismo se reduce a un fraude liberal".
  71. ↑ Meltzer, Albert (2000). Anarchism: Arguments For and Against. AK Press. p. 50. "Le philosophia del "anarcho-capitalismo" imaginate per le Nove Dextra "libertari" ha nihil a facer con le anarchismo como cognoscite per le proprie movimento anarchista".
  72. ↑ Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertari' e 'libertarismo' es frequentemente empleate per anarchistas como synonymos de 'anarchista' e 'anarchismo', in grande parte como un tentativa de distantiar se del connotationes negative de 'anarchia' e su derivatos. Le situation ha devenite multo complicate in le ultime decennios con le emergentia del anarcho-capitalismo, del 'statismo minimal' e de un philosophia de laissez-faire de extrema dextra defendite per theoreticos como Murray Rothbard e Robert Nozick e lor adoption del parolas 'libertari' e 'libertarismo'. Pro lo tanto, il ha ora devenite necessari distinguer inter lor libertarismo de dextra e le libertarismo de sinistra del tradition anarchista".
  73. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "De facto, pauc anarchistas acceptarea le 'anarcho-capitalistas' in le campo anarchista, post que illes non comparte un preoccupation pro le equalitate economic e le justitia social. Lor homines de mercato calculatores e egoista serea incapace de practicar le cooperation voluntari e le adjuta mutue. Le anarcho-capitalistas, mesmo si illes de facto rejecta le Stato, poterea pro lo tanto esser melio appellate libertarios de dextra in loco de anarchistas".
  74. ↑ "Section F – Es le "anarcho"-capitalismo un typo de anarchismo?" (2008). An Anarchist FAQ. Oakland, California Edinburg, Scotland: AK Press. 558 pp. ISBN: 978-1902593906. Archivate
  75. ↑ Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. ISBN: 0748634959. "Il es importante distinguer inter le anarchismo e certe correntes de libertarismo de dextra que a vices ha le mesme nomine (per exemplo, le anarcho-capitalismo de Murray Rothbard)".
  76. ↑ Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement. See Sharp Press. p. 6.
  77. ↑ Anarchism, p. 158.
  78. ↑ Morris, Brian, Anthropology and Anarchism, "Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed" (no. 45); Mckay, Iain, The legacy of Voltairine De Cleyre, Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, no. 44; Brown, L. Susan, The Politics of Individualism.
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