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An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

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An Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (London, 1668)[1] es le plus memorate del numerose obras del philosopho natural anglese John Wilkins, in le qual ille expone un nove lingua universal, intendite principalmente a facilitar le communication international inter scholars, ma etiam envisionate pro uso per diplomatas, viagiatores, e mercatores. A differentia de multe schemas de lingua universal del periodo, illo esseva intendite simplemente como un auxiliar a — non un reimplaciamento de — le linguas natural existente.[require referentia]

Contexto

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Un del objectivos del Essay esseva provider un reimplaciamento pro le lingua latin, que habeva essite le lingua international del scholars in Europa Occidental durante 1000 annos.[2] Comenius e alteres interessate in linguas international habeva criticas del characteristicas arbitrarie del latin que lo faceva plus difficile a apprender, e Wilkins etiam faceva tal punctos.[3] Un schema pro un lingua franca basate super valores numeric habeva essite publicate per John Pell (1630); e in su obra de 1640 Mercury or the Secret Messenger (1640) Wilkins habeva mentionate le possibilitate de disveloppar un lingua de commercio.[4]

Seth Ward esseva autor con Wilkins de Vindiciae academiarum (1654), un defensa del periodo del Commonwealth del systema universitari de Oxbridge contra reformatores externe. In illo Ward presentava un schema de lingua relate, ben que differente del Essay de Wilkins in alcun manieras significative.[5] Le ideas de Ward derivava de un numero de fontes, como Cyprian Kinner qui esseva un sequace de Comenius, Ramon Lull, e Georg Ritschel. Illos continuava a influentiar George Dalgarno e etiam Wilkins.[6]

Il habeva un interesse immediate in le Essay; Wilkins se dice haber considerate su obra solmente in terminos de un prova de concepto.[7] Ma in le termino medie, le enthusiasmo pro iste typo de lingua construite declinava. Le problema de un lingua universal restava como un thema de debate.[5]

Composition e influentias

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Le stimulo pro Wilkins scriber le Essay veniva del Consilio del Royal Society, in 1662. Le obra esseva retardate per le Grande Incendio de London de 1666, que destroyeva parte de illo in version preliminari.[8]

Le libro esseva scribite per Wilkins, assistite per John Ray, Francis Willughby, e alteres. Un influentia esseva le Ars Signorum de George Dalgarno.[9] Etiam influente, como Wilkins recognosceva, esseva The Ground-Work or Foundation Laid ... for the Framing of a New Perfect Language (1652) per Francis Lodwick.[10]

Structura

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Le obra ha cinque partes, del quales le quarte contine le discussion del "character real" e "lingua philosophic". Le tertie tracta de "grammatica philosophic" (grammatica universal). Le ultime parte es le "dictionario alphabetic".[11] Illo esseva compilate per William Lloyd.[12]

Schema de Wilkins

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Specimen del "character real" del Essay. Joseph Moxon creava le symbolos pro le impression del libro.[13]

Le "Character Real" de Wilkins es un familia construite de symbolos, correspondente a un schema de classification disveloppate per Wilkins e su collegas. Illo esseva intendite como un pasigraphia, in altere parolas, pro provider blocos de construction elementari ex le quales poterea esser construite omne cosa e notion possibile del universo. Le Character Real non es un orthographia: i.e. illo non es un representation scripte del lingua parlate. In vice, cata symbolo representa un concepto directemente, sin (al minus in le partes initial del presentation del Essay) que il ha alicun modo de vocalisar lo.[14] Le inspiration pro iste approche veniva in parte de reportos europee contemporanee del systema de scriptura chinese, que esseva alquanto erronee.

Plus tarde in le Essay Wilkins introduce su "Lingua Philosophic", que assigna valores phonetic al Characteres Real. Pro convenientia, le discussion sequente offusca le distinction inter le Character e le Lingua de Wilkins.

Le conceptos es dividite in quaranta Genera principal, cata un del quales da le prime syllaba de duo litteras del parola; un Genere es dividite in Differentias, cata un del quales adde un altere littera; e Differentias es dividite in Species, que adde un quarte littera. Per exemplo, Zi identifica le Genere de "bestias" (mammiferos); Zit da le Differentia de "bestias rapaci del typo canin"; Zitα da le Species de canes. (A vices le prime littera indica un supercategoria—p.ex. Z sempre indica un animal—ma isto non sempre vale.) Le Character resultante, e su vocalisation, pro un concepto date, captura assi, in alcun mesura, le semantica del concepto.

Le Essay etiam proponeva ideas super pesos e mesuras similar a illos trovate plus tarde in le systema metric.[require referentia]

Le section botanic del essay esseva contribuite per John Ray; le critica de Robert Morison del obra de Ray comenciava un disputa prolongate inter le duo homines.[15]

Effortios relate, discussiones, e referentias litterari

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Le Essay ha recipite un certe quantitate de attention academic e litterari,[16] usualmente presentante lo como brillante ma sin sperantia. Illo ha essite describite como un texto "utopic".[17]

Un critica (inter multe) es que "parolas exprimante ideas strettamente correlate ha quasi le mesme forma, differente forsan solmente per lor ultime littera...[I]l esserea extrememente difficile memorisar omne iste distinctiones minute, e confusion ocurrirea, in lectura rapide e particularmente in conversation."[18] ([[Umberto Eco] nota[19] que Wilkins mesme faceva un tal error in le Essay, usante Gαde (hordeo) ubi apparentemente Gαpe (tulipano) esseva intendite.) Tamen, alteres affirma que linguas natural ha ja tal differentias minute, e que assumer que tal differentias esserea indistinguibile esserea affirmar que le linguas natural falli a isto.

George Edmonds cercava de meliorar le Lingua Philosophic de Wilkins per reorganisar su grammatica e orthographia durante que manteneva su taxonomia.[20] Linguas a priori plus recente (inter multe alteres) es Solresol e Ro.

[[Jorge Luis Borges] discute le lingua philosophic de Wilkins in su essayo El idioma analítico de John Wilkins (Le Lingua Analytic de John Wilkins), comparante le classification de Wilkins al fictive encyclopedia chinese Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge e exprimente dubitas super alcun tentativa de un classification universal.

In Quicksilver de Neal Stephenson, le character [[Daniel Waterhouse] passa tempore considerabile supportante le disveloppamento del systema de classification de Wilkins.

Notas

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  1. ↑ John Wilkins (1668). An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language. London: Imprimite pro Sa[muel] Gellibrand, e pro John Martyn scriptor del Royal Society. OCLC 4088592.
  2. ↑ Dons, Ute (2004). Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars. Walter de Gruyter, 21. ISBN: 978-3-11-018193-7.
  3. ↑ Waquet, Françoise (27 de augusto 2001). Latin, or the Empire of a Sign. Verso, 258. ISBN: 1859846157.
  4. ↑ Murphy, Daniel (27 de augusto 1995). Comenius: a critical reassessment of his life and work. Irish Academic Press, 209–10. ISBN: 0716525372.
  5. 1 2 Wilkins, John (1984). Mercury, or, The secret and swift messenger: shewing how a man may with privacy and speed communicate his thoughts to a friend at any distance; together with an abstract of Dr. Wilkins's Essays towards a real character and a philosophical language. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 29. ISBN: 978-90-272-3276-2.
  6. ↑ Patrono:ODNBweb
  7. ↑ Van Leeuwen, Henry G. (1970). The problem of certainty in English thought, 1630–1690. Springer, 56. ISBN: 978-90-247-0179-7.
  8. ↑ Subbiondo, Joseph L. (1992). John Wilkins and 17th-century British linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 144 note 34. ISBN: 978-90-272-4554-0.
  9. ↑ Patrono:Cite DNB
  10. ↑ Patrono:ODNBweb
  11. ↑ Considine, John P. (27 de martio 2008). Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage. Cambridge University Press, 298. ISBN: 978-0-521-88674-1.
  12. ↑ Patrono:Cite DNB
  13. ↑ Patrono:ODNBweb
  14. ↑ Poole, William (24 de januario 2018). “Seventeenth-Century ‘double writing’ schemes, and a 1676 letter in the phonetic script and real character of John Wilkins”. Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72 (1): 7–23. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2017.0041. PMID: 31390391. PMC:5906426.
  15. ↑ Vines, Sydney Howard (1913). "Robert Morison 1620–1683 and John Ray 1627–1705", Makers of British Botany. Cambridge University Press, 21.
  16. ↑ Fleming, James Dougal (27 de augusto 2017). The mirror of information in Early Modern England: John Wilkins and the universal character. Switzerland: Palgrave Mcmillan. ISBN: 978-3-319-40300-7.
  17. ↑ Newson, Georgie (14 de julio 2023). “An Archival Paradise: John Wilkins’s Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language and Early Modern Info-Utopianism” (in anglese). Utopian Studies 34 (2): 234–256. doi:10.5325/utopianstudies.34.2.0234. ISSN 1045-991X.
  18. ↑ Guérard, Albert Léon (1921). A Short History of the International Language Movement, 90–92.
  19. ↑ Eco, Umberto (1995). The Search for the Perfect Language [Ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea]. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN: 0-631-17465-6.
  20. ↑ Edmonds, George (1856). A Universal Alphabet, Grammar, and Language, Comprising a Scientific Classification of the Radical Elements of Discourse: and Illustrative Translations from the Holy Scriptures and the Principal British Classics: to which is Added, A Dictionary of the Language.

Lectura additional

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  • Andrade, Edward Neville da Costa (1936). “The real character of bishop Wilkins”. Annals of Science 1 (1): 4–12. doi:10.1080/00033793600200021.
  • Lewis, Rhodri. Language, Mind and Nature. Artificial Languages in England from Bacon to Locke, 2012 CUP, Cambridge ISBN: 9780521294133
  • Pinker, Steven. Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language, 2000

Ligamines externe

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Patrono:Constructed languages

Patrono:Authority control

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