Americanisation per fortia de americanos indigene
Le americanisation coercive del indigenes o le assimilation forte del americanos indigene es le integration non desirate del populo native a le societate del Statos Unite de America. Isto occureva per le systema educational e altere medios coercive.[1][2][3] Le americanisation esseva facilitate per le introduction de maladias europee in le terras que deveniva plus tarde le Statos Unite de America.[4] Miller 2023 trova que le assimilation american augmenta le poter economic del indigenos.[5] Americanos crede que le assimilation del populos indigene ha essite positive.[6] In le 1800s e 1900s, le governamento federal separava infantes indigene american de lor familias e les forciava a frequentar scholas como methodos de assimilation.[7]
Le Dawes Act de 1887, que assignava terras tribal in partes separate pro individuos, esseva considerate como un maniera de crear agricoles individual pro le Native Americans. Le distributiones de terras esseva facite in cambio de que le Native Americans deveniva citatanos del US e renunciava a certe formas de autogoverno tribal e de institutiones. Isto resultava in le transferimento de un total estimative de 93 million de acres (380,000 km²) ab control Native American. Le major parte esseva vendite a individuos o distribute gratis per le Homestead law, o date directemente a los Indios como individuos. Le Indian Citizenship Act de 1924 esseva etiam parte del politica de Americanisation; ille dava citatanate plena a omne Indios qui viveva in reservas.
1776–1860
[modificar | modificar fonte]Quando le relationes con Britannia e Espania se normalisava durante le initio del seculo XIX, le necessitate de relationes amical con le tribos american native cessava. Il non esseva plus necessari de "seducer" le tribos pro impedir que le altere potentias se alliava con illos contra le Statos Unite de America. Ora, in loco de un zona tampon contra le potentias europee, le tribos frequentemente deveniva considerate como un obstaculo al expansion del Statos Unite de America.
Indian removal
[modificar | modificar fonte]Le Indian Removal Act of 1830 (Acto de Remover Indigenes de 1830) characterisava le politica del governamento del SUA de remover le indigenes, que demandava le relocation fortiamente de tribos indigene vivente al est del fluvio Mississippi a terras al west del fluvio.
United States vs. Kagama (1886)
[modificar | modificar fonte]Le caso del Corte Supreme, United States v. Kagama (1886) preparava le via pro que le corte faceva decisiones ancora plus potente basate sur le potentia plenari.
Americanisation e assimilation (1857–1920)
[modificar | modificar fonte]Le objectivo esseva le "total Americanization of the Indians" (interlingua: americanisation total del indianos).[8] Matrimonios inter feminas blanc e homines indigene del Statos Unite de America contribueva al assimilation.[9] Le General Allotment Act (Lege General de Assegnation, o Lege Dawes) de 1887, esseva pro le assimilation cultural del nativos american, e objectivos economic, como le acquisition de terras tribal.[10] Isto habeva como objectivo fortiar le Native Americans a adopter le systema private de proprietate, minas sus lor systemas communal traditonal e cultura. Le advocatos laudava le assimilation e le adoption de valores blanc american, in opposition a le «bad indians» (interlingua: «indios mal») qui resistiva.[11]
Code of Indian Offenses
[modificar | modificar fonte]In 1882, le Secretario del Interior Henry M. Teller appellava le attention un "great hindrance" (interlingua: "grande impedimento") del habito indigene al progresso del assimilation. Le resultante "Code of Indian Offenses" (interlingua: "Codice de Offensas Indigene") in 1883 delineava le procedura pro supprimer le "evil practice" (interlingua: "practica malefic").
Un Corte de Delictos Indian, consistite de tres indianos nominate per le Agente Indian, debeva esser stabilite a cata agentia indian. Le Corte haberea le function de judices pro punir delinquentes. Comportamentos prohibite sub le Code of Indian Offenses includeva le participation in danzas e festas traditional, polygamia, le intercambio reciproc de donos e practicas funebre, e le intoxication o vendita de alcohol. Equalmente prohibite esseva le «medicinales» qui «usa alcun del artes del incantator pro impedir que le indianos abandona lor ritos e consuetos pagan.» Le penas prescribite pro tal violationes includeva inter 10 e 90 dies de imprisonamento e le perdita del rations fornite per le governamento pro usque a 30 dies.
Effectos persistente del politica de americanisation
[modificar | modificar fonte]Americanisation coercive necesse harnesar e reimaginar – ancora hodie – le servitios de adjuta le salute mental del indigenes.[12]
Referentias
[modificar | modificar fonte]- ↑ (anglese) Hoxie, Frederick (1984). A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880–1920. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131205235512/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/erdrich/boarding/marr.htm "Assimilation through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest".
- ↑ (anglese) 2024. Forced assimilation and abuse: How US boarding schools devastated Native American tribes.
- ↑ (anglese) Gary Warrick (October 2003). "European Infectious Disease and Depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-Petun)".
- ↑
- Anderson et al., 2024 citar Miller:
- 2023 Mar. 17:1–18. Public Choice. M. Miller. "Assimilation and economic development: the case of federal Indian policy".
- ↑ 2021. "Stolen Land, Stolen Bodies, and Stolen Stories". Stanford Social Innovation Review.
- ↑ http://www.sapiens.org/culture/native-american-boarding-schools-photos/
- ↑ http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/722095
- ↑ http://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1djmhvp
- ↑ http://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10023008/
- ↑ ISBN: 978-1-4766-4537-7
- ↑ http://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12591
Bibliographia
[modificar | modificar fonte]- Spring, Joel. (1994). "Deculturalization and the Struggle for Equality: A Brief History of the Education of Dominated Cultures in the United States."